星载微脉冲光子计数激光雷达的探测性能仿真分析

星载微脉冲光子计数激光雷达能够实现对地面目标的高重频、多波束探测,有效提高了激光雷达在轨测量的采样密度和覆盖宽度,满足全球高效高精度测绘的需求。依据微脉冲光子计数激光雷达的工作原理,建立了基于多像元光电倍增管（PMT）的星载微脉冲光子计数激光雷达的探测仿真分析模型,并对典型探测过程进行了仿真分析。结果表明,多像元PMT像元数的增加能够明显降低激光雷达的首光子效应,提高测距精度;激光雷达的测距标准差随地形坡度增大而明显增大;对于复杂地形,增加像元数和回波光子数,光子计数点云能够更准确描述地形轮廓的分布特征。同时,机载飞行试验验证了在复杂地形条件下,多像元PMT能够显著增加有效回波光子计数点,准确有效地反映了被测地形的轮廓特征,实现复杂地形下的高精度光子计数测距,验证了仿真分析结果的正确性。     

星载光子计数激光雷达海面点云仿真方法

星载光子计数激光雷达作为一种新的探测体制激光雷达,已开始应用于海面测量。然而受海风等多种因素的影响,海面存在一定的粗糙度和较大的起伏变化,因此光子计数激光雷达返回的信号点云在返回能量和信号光子分布上存在较大的变化,潜在的影响到了海面高程测量精度。本文基于JONSWAP海浪谱和微面元模型理论,结合蒙特卡洛方法建立了光子计数激光雷达海洋目标的仿真模型。以ICESat-2星载光子计数激光雷达的系统参数作为输入,仿真了不同风速条件下海面的信号光子分布,通过与ICESat-2实测结果对比证明了仿真方法的正确性。基于仿真模型,分析了不同风速条件下,光子计数激光雷达的测距误差分布。结果表明,光子计数激光雷达测得的海面高程小于实际参考海面,且测量偏差和标准差随风速增加而增大,当风速为10m/s,累计脉冲次数为100次时,测量偏差约为-2.5 cm,标准差为3.6 cm。所建立的仿真模型和分析结果对优化针对海面观测的星载光子计数激光雷达的系统参数设计和平均海面观测结果修正具有重要的参考意义。     

光子计数三维成像激光雷达的分析与实验

对于直接探测三维成像激光雷达,采用光子计数探测器可以响应单光子水平的目标回波,从而大大提高探测效率。研究的光子计数三维成像激光雷达采用盖革模式雪崩光电二极管（APD）作为探测器。首先分析了回波光子探测模型,并根据此模型讨论了激光雷达探测概率和测距模式。在理论分析的基础上,设计了一套光子计数三维成像激光雷达系统,对一些选定目标进行了测距和三维成像实验,并对实验结果进行了分析。     

基于单像素单光子探测的目标识别与跟踪方法

为了实现弱回波信号下非合作目标识别跟踪,文章基于单像素光子计数激光雷达系统设计了目标识别跟踪策略,并且提出了一种目标识别跟踪方法。该方法首先将单像素光子计数激光雷达系统采集得到的三维点云经过插值处理得到直观的距离像,然后采用最大稳定极值区域算法分割目标和背景,根据目标轮廓特征识别并选择需要跟踪的目标。最后提取识别目标的质心,与激光雷达扫描中心的偏差作为误差信号,控制伺服系统在扫描的基础之上执行目标跟踪。实验结果表明,当激光发射能量为625 pJ、回波光子数为25时,该系统能对距离为5 m、角速度约为2 mrad/s的目标进行稳定的识别跟踪;验证了基于单像素光子计数激光雷达的策略及方法能够稳定的分割目标和背景,以及正确提取需要识别跟踪测距的目标质心,为弱回波信号下目标识别跟踪测距提供一种有效直观的探测方法,同时,弱信号探测作为远距离探测的必要条件,为远距离下的目标探测及识别跟踪提供了一个新的技术方向。     

光子计数激光雷达游走误差与时间抖动的研究

光子计数激光雷达具有灵敏度高、体积小等特点,是未来远距离探测激光雷达的发展方向。光子计数激光雷达在探测时会产生游走误差,从而影响系统的测距精度。文章就游走误差与探测器时间抖动之间的关系进行了理论分析与实验验证。首先,基于激光雷达方程、单光子探测器时间抖动与光子计数探测的概率统计特性,建立了激光回波信号与探测器时间抖动的数学模型;然后使用该模型进一步推导了探测器时间抖动与游走误差之间的关系,计算分析与仿真实验都表明:系统的游走误差与探测器时间抖动呈正相关关系。最后,使用拥有不同时间抖动的单光子探测器进行了实验,实验结果表明:当探测器时间抖动标准差分别为15,350和1152ps时,游走误差分别为0.88,2.55和12.56cm。     

基于自然地表的星载光子计数激光雷达在轨标定

在轨标定技术是影响星载激光雷达光斑定位精度的核心技术之一。介绍了目前国内外星载激光雷达的在轨标定技术发展现状,分析了各类在轨标定技术的特点。针对新型的光子计数模式星载激光雷达的特性,提出了一种基于自然地表的星载光子计数激光雷达在轨标定新方法,使用仿真点云对标定算法的正确性进行了验证,并分别使用南极麦克莫多干谷和中国连云港地区的地表数据和美国ICESat-2卫星数据进行了交叉验证实验,实验结果表明:算法标定后的点云相对美国国家航空航天局提供的官方点云坐标平面偏移在3 m左右,高程偏移在厘米量级。文中还利用地面人工建筑等特征点对比了算法标定后的点云与官方点云之间的差异,最后对基于自然地表的在轨标定方法的精度以及标定场地形的影响进行了讨论。     

光子外差测速技术研究

光子外差探测是将外差探测技术与光子计数计时相结合的全新探测技术,通过采用具有单光子探测能力的光子计数器作为探测器,极大提升了光子外差探测的灵敏度.本文建立了光子外差探测的物理模型,完成了光子外差体制激光雷达系统设计,开展测速验证实验.实验结果表明,使用光子外差测速技术可在强背景噪声条件下获取目标速度信息,其测速精度达0.005m/s.     

一种对高速运动目标的单光子测距方法

作为一种前沿的激光探测技术,单光子激光测距技术已成功应用于月球测距、卫星测距和地面测高等领域。然而,单光子测距在机载空对空、地对空平台上对高速运动目标进行跟踪测距时,回波光子落在不同的时间窗,导致直接计数无法有效提取信号的问题仍需解决。针对空对空条件下单光子激光测距的应用需求,基于时间相关光子计数技术设计一种适用于全天时、宽时域、多噪声条件下对高速运动目标的单光子测距方法。该方法采用阵列单光子探测器和相邻时间窗相关统计多帧处理算法提取激光回波光子信号,并在Matlab平台上对算法进行仿真实验,使用多元阵列单光子探测器实现最大测程百公里以上、背景噪声计数率约为5 MHz、单脉冲回波光子计数平均值为1条件下的回波光子信号提取。该方法能够克服传统单光子探测只能对准静态目标测距,只能在小接收视场和小波门范围等弱背景噪声及目标轨迹可预测条件下应用的限制,将单光子探测由只能固定平台夜晚对准静态目标测距推广至通用平台全天时对高速运动目标测距。     

一种新型的抗干扰高精度混沌激光雷达

提出并研究了一种新型的具有天然抗干扰能力的,高精度混沌激光雷达.此激光雷达基于光反馈半导体激光器的连续波混沌激光的相关特性探测目标距离.数值分析了混沌状态和相关时间对混沌激光δ线型相关曲线特性的影响,表明高维、频谱平滑的混沌激光是理想的雷达光信号.实验验证了基于光反馈半导体激光器的混沌激光雷达测距及其高抗干扰能力,并获得了与测量距离无关且优于9 cm的测量分辨率.     

可用于激光雷达的量子光学技术

为了研究量子关联测量和Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉测量在激光雷达探测上的潜在应用,采用基于色散位移光纤制备关联双光子源的方法和全同光子的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉原理,搭建了关联双光子产生平台和Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉平台,进行了理论分析和实验检测。结果表明,制备出的关联双光子源,其双光子产生率最高约8kHz,符合/偶然符合计数比最大值约为15,验证了双光子源的量子关联特性;测试了两路弱相干-单光子源的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉,干涉可见度为0.41±0.01,若将一路光子信号作为激光雷达的回波信号,Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉测量可以将激光雷达的时间测量精度提升到0.95ps±0.03ps,对应空间分辨率为284.06μm±9.94μm。相关实验结果为后续研究不同体制的量子光学-激光雷达技术奠定了基础。     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Nanoimprint Lithography -A Next Generation High Volume Lithography Technique

IntroductionNanoimprint Lithography is a well-acknowl-edged low cost, high resolution, large area pattern-ing process. It includes the most promising methods,high-pressure hot embossing lithography (HEL) [2],UV-cured imprinting (UV-NIL) [3] and micro contactprinting (m-CP, MCP) [4]. Curing of the imprintedstructures is either done by subsequent UV-lightexposure in the case of UV-NIL or by cooling downbelow the glass transition temperature of the ther-moplastic material in case of HEL…     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

Influence of PVK ： NPB hole transporting layer on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices

A doping system consisting of NPB and PVK is employed as a composite hole transporting layer （CHTL）. By adjusting the component ratio of the doping system, a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB are constracted. The result shows that doping concentration of NPB enhances the competence of hole transporting ability, and modifies the recombination region of charge as well as affects the surface morphology of doped film. Optimum device with a maximum brightness of 7852 cd/m^2 and a power efficiency of 1.75 lm/W has been obtained by choosing a concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB at 1：3.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.     

Analysis of error performance on Turbo coded FDPIM

Due to variable symbol length of digital pulse interval modulation（DPIM）, it is difficult to analyze the error performances of Turbo coded DPIM. To solve this problem, a fixed-length digital pulse interval modulation（FDPIM） method is provided. The FDPIM modulation structure is introduced. The packet error rates of uncoded FDPIM are analyzed and compared with that of DPIM. Bit error rates of Turbo coded FDPIM are simulated based on three kinds of analytical models under weak turbulence channel. The results show that packet error rate of uncoded FDPIM is inferior to that of uncoded DPIM. However, FDPIM is easy to be implemented and easy to be combined, with Turbo code for soft-decision because of its fixed length. Besides, the introduction of Turbo code in this modulation can decrease the average power about 10 dBm, which means that it can improve the error performance of the system effectively.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.