含油固体废弃物的综合处理

对含油固体废弃物的概念和含油固体废弃物对土壤、大气和水体的危害，以及含油固体废弃物的处置方法进行了介绍。提出了改革炼油厂炼制工艺，减少含油废弃物的排放量；发展物质循环利用工艺和建立收费填理厂的建议。     

有机固体废弃物化学链气化技术研究进展

化学链气化技术(CLG, Chemical looping gasification)是基于化学链燃烧技术(CLC, Chemical looping combustion)发展而来的一种新颖的固体燃料气化技术。相较于常规气化技术,化学链气化技术省去了氧气制备、且不需要燃料燃烧来提供热量,具有合成气不被氮气稀释、焦油及N/S/Cl等污染物含量低、能量梯级利用等优点。以有机固体废弃物(简称有机固废)种类、载氧体(OC, Oxygen carrier)类型和反应装置为切入点,较为系统地综述了化学链气化处理有机固废技术的发展现状,围绕有机固废的气化特性及相关反应机理与系统进行了较为全面的介绍,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

炼油企业固体废物填埋场设计的若干问题

论述了炼油企业危险固体废物填埋场设计中需要注意的问题 ,包括选择需填埋的危险废物 ,如何从保护环境、简化操作和控制投资等角度来确定填埋场的场址及封场的形式等。同时对如何设计防渗衬里系统、淋溶水收集排放系统和气体收集排放系统来确保填埋场的可靠性进行了讨论。     

废弃钻井液处理技术

针对国内外废弃钻井液的处理现状,介绍了国内外几种常用的废弃钻井液处理技术和方法。并指出了废弃钻井液处理技术的发展趋势是开发环保型钻井波及钻井液处理工艺、提高固控效率、统一钻井液处理技术的行业标准和加强对外技术交流与合作。     

实现页岩气“绿色”开发的配套工艺技术体系

在川渝地区页岩气产能建设过程中,不可避免地会产生大量的废水、废气、废渣(特别是含油岩屑)和噪声,并且还有可能造成水土流失。如何防治上述环境风险源、确保页岩气的"绿色"开发,是一个重大难题。为此,总结了中国石油天然气集团有限公司在长宁—威远国家级页岩气产业示范区开发实践中形成的系列环保技术体系:(1)采用井场清污分流系统、钻井液不落地技术、随钻实时处理工艺和岩屑资源化利用技术保障钻井清洁生产;(2)优选环保型压裂液、对压裂返排液进行循环利用,从而实现压裂环保管理;(3)配套平台化作业实现"井工厂化"、实施油改电降噪音、推行环保钻井工艺、制订全面的环境评价方案等措施,进一步降低环境污染的风险。实践证明,页岩气清洁生产工艺从废弃物产生源头入手,加强作业过程控制、末端污染治理,则可实现废弃物减量、无害化、资源化的目标。结论认为,采用上述污染防治和"绿色"开发配套技术,可以有效促进该区页岩气的可持续开发。     

渤海油田钻井废弃物源头减量及资源化利用研究

渤海油田钻井过程中会产生大量的钻井废弃物,主要包括废弃钻井岩屑和废弃钻井液。随着油田开发井的增加,环境隐患、运输和处理处置成本不断增加。开展了源头减量和资源化利用的实验研究,采用负压微振过滤系统对海洋油田固控系统中的振动筛筛上物进行源头减量,采用“破胶-离心分离-臭氧气浮分离-陶瓷膜分离”工艺处理废弃钻井液,处理后的钻井液可回用配制新的钻井液。结果表明,入口岩屑含液率在100%以上,转速在24 r/min以内,滤布目数低于API160时,废弃钻井岩屑有很好的脱水效果,出口的岩屑含液率为21%~22%,回用配制新钻井液的净水中油的质量浓度在10 mg/L以下。     

炼油企业固体废物进行安全填埋的若干问题

论述了采用安全填埋法处理炼厂排放的危险固体废物过程中若干需要注意的问题,包括危险废物分类预处理、填埋场选址及封场操作等等,同时对如何确保填埋场的可靠性、避免引起二次污染进行了讨论。     

Composting of energetic materials

Abstract

Composting has been used for centuries for stabilization of organic residues and production of a humus-like end product traditionally used as a soil conditioner. The process may be successfully adopted for the treatment of solid organic matrices contaminated with various hazardous wastes including energetic materials. Composting methods and their application for treatment of energetic materials are reviewed along with design methodologies. The design and operation of composting facilities for treatment of energetic materials must be based on thermodynamic, kinetic, public health and aesthetic principles. A generalized design methodology is presented. Composting treatability studies are necessary for derivation of thermodynamic and kinetic data. Concerns related to production and fate of metabolites require a careful study and should be always addressed. Ultimate disposal of composted energetic materials must be studied extensively.     

Controlling the environmental impact of the food industry: an integral approach

The food industry generates large amounts of solid and liquid wastes and consumes considerable amounts of water. Most of these wastes are biodegradable and putrescible, and may contain valuable resources. The environmental and economic impact of food processing may be high unless effective environmental control systems are in place. Modern environmental control strategies feature efficient waste treatment systems to reduce the environmental impact, as well as measures to minimize waste generation and to maximize resource recovery and upgrading, efficient water conservation, recycling and waste segregation. These key concepts of environmental process integration are reviewed in the context of environmental control in the food industry. Particular attention is paid to environmental auditing as a tool for identification, implementation and control of an environmental management system.     

面向21世纪石油炼制技术的开发

三方面综述石油炼制技术的现状与发展，包括现有炼油关键技术，环境友好炼油技术，石油炼制与基本有机化工原料生产的集成技术。指出要弄清世界炼油技术发展水平和趋势，主动分析现有技术的不足和国情特点，开发具有中国特色的石油炼制关键技术。生产工艺中要尽量提高选择性，减少副产品和废物的排放，采用无毒、无害的催化剂、溶剂，实现清洁生产。     

氢气储运技术的发展现状与展望

随着世界能源危机和环境污染的不断加剧,推动清洁能源革命已成为世界能源产业未来发展的重要趋势。近年来,中国对新能源产业的发展日益重视,尤其是对氢能产业的开发力度日益增大。在未来,氢能有望在推动中国能源结构改革、保障国家能源安全等方面扮演越来越重要的角色,并可能在能源、化工、交通等领域引起一系列变革。在氢能产业发展过程中,高效、低成本的氢气储运技术是实现大规模用氢的必要保障。目前,氢气的典型储运方式主要包括高压气态储运、低温液态储运、有机液态储运和固态储运技术等。综述了各储氢技术的研究现状,并在对不同氢气储运技术进行综合对比分析的基础上,对中国未来氢气储运技术的发展方向做出展望。     

生物柴油制备技术的研究进展

生物柴油不仅燃烧性能与石油柴油相当,且具有环境友好、资源可再生的优点,是替代石油柴油的理想燃料之一。综述了热裂解法和酯交换法(包括化学催化法、酶催化法和超临界法)制备生物柴油的最新研究进展,并探讨了各种制备方法的优缺点和应用前景。为降低生物柴油成本,应采用廉价原料(如废油脂)。对于酸值高的废油脂,宜采用固体酸和离子液体等环境友好催化剂。     

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??According to China's shale gas development plan (2016–2020), national shale gas production will exceed 300×108 m3 in 2020. However, China's shale gas resources are mainly distributed in the central and western mountain areas which are characterized by complex surface landforms, intensive population and extremely sensitive development environments. Therefore, the uppermost priority of scale shale gas development is to build a more harmonious development environment and pave an environmentally friendly shale gas development road. In this paper, a technology system of cleaner production with "energy conservation, consumption reduction, pollution abatement and efficiency improvement" as the goal and "minimization, harmlessness and resources" as the focus was summarized based on the practical cleaner production in Changning–Weiyuan national shale gas demonstration area in the Sichuan Basin. When well site is designed and drilling and completion technologies and materials are selected, the production demands and environmental requirements should be considered comprehensively to give the priority to the environmentally friendly technologies and materials and control the total drainage of waste liquid and solid in the process of well drilling and completion from the source. The process control of waste gas, water and solid during well drilling and completion is strengthened to cut down further the total volume of waste. Based on the drilling operation and environmental protection practices for years, the waste central treatment and reuse technology system is developed to improve end treatment level. Field application shows that by performing source prevention, process control and end treatment, the bad effect of shale gas drilling operation on the ecology of surrounding environment is reduced significantly and good environmental and social benefits are realized.     

系统思维化解危险废物引发的环境安全风险

近年来,随着重化工产业布局的扩张和危险废物(危废)处置企业数量的增加,环境安全事故频繁发生,对社会安全生产稳定构成了严重威胁。化解危险废物引发的环境安全风险成为社会关注的焦点。在客观分析近期重特大环境安全事故的基础上,深入认识危废监管的重要性,提出从项目审批、污染防治、监测监察和宣传教育几方面形成系统思维。通过加大危废源头减量力度,提升产废企业转型升级水平,实现产废企业科学有效监管,提高全民环境安全意识,确保各项环境监管事项充分发挥出应有效能,从而化解危废引发的环境安全风险,消除人为因素引发的环境安全事故。     

工业固体废物固化处理技术探讨

为了解决燕山石化公司部分危险废物直接填埋造成污染地下水的问题，提出用固化／稳定化的方法对其进行预处理。通过比较，目前采用水泥固化为主，药剂稳定化为辅的工艺技术路线，选取最佳的固化配方、流程及设备，固化后的废物符合入场标准，真正做到了安全、规范处置。探讨了水泥固化的机理，对固化处理技术应用中的问题进行分析，并对该技术未来...     

Biostimulation and Monitoring of Diesel Fuel Polluted Soil Amended With Biowaste

A lab-scale experiment was set up to investigate the efficiency of addition 5% (w/w) individually of three different organic solid waste amendments to enhance the rate of degradation at 5% and 15% diesel oil in polluted soil during 18 weeks. A total of 81% and 42% oil loss was recorded in soil amended with soycake at 5% and 15% oil pollution, respectively. The measured δ¹³C signature of CO₂ evolved from amending contaminated soil varied between –24 and –28‰. First-order kinetic model demonstrated that soycake had the highest rate of biodegradation of 0.114 days^?1 at 5% oil pollution. The results clearly indicate that those treatments amended with organic wastes had the best efficiency on the biodegradation of soil contaminated with diesel fuel.     

Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents,and solid propellants

Abstract

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidation (HTO), is a developing technology for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at temperatures in the range of 350°C (662°F) to 600°C (1112°F) and pressures of 17 MPa (2500 psi) or greater. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting two comprehensive research and demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technology. Wastes of primary interest include chemical agents and solid propellants. Technical challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chemical agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chemical agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total organic carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chemical warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway.     

Recovery of Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons From Petroleum Basic Plastic Wastes

A solid waste management system based on the 3R principle: reduce, reuse, and recycle. There are two major recycling methods for conversion of plastic wastes to synthetic fuels: (a) pyrolysis in absence and presence of catalyst and (b) thermal and/or catalytic cracking. Pyrolysis is a complex series of chemical and thermal reactions to decompose or depolymerize organic material under oxygen-free conditions. The most affecting variables of plastic pyrolysis are catalyst type and shape, temperature, and residence time. Certain types of waste plastics such as polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) are generally used in pyrolysis. The plastic wastes can be pyrolyzed into liquid, gas, and solid residue products. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes produces a whole spectrum of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes, and aromatics. The total yields of paraffins and olefins of PE and PP wastes obtained by pyrolysis were higher than that of PS. The oil obtained from plastic pyrolysis could improve performance by modifying engine. The addition of catalyst in the pyrolysis can be a more efficient method to produce high valuable products with mainly gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The catalytic decomposition was produced much more light hydrocarbons than that of thermal decomposition. Especially, ZSM-5 with a smaller pore size, rather than that of zeolite Y was more cracked into light hydrocarbons such as C₆-C₁₂ hydrocarbons and gas products.     

Viscosity reduction of heavy crude oil by dilution with hydrocarbons obtained via chemical recycling of plastic wastes

The increasing energy demand is persuading oil companies to exploit unconventional reserves of heavy and extra heavy crude oil, which are characterized for their elevated viscosities and upraised production costs. Expensive flow modifiers are often used to lower the viscosity of heavy crude oils so that pipeline transportation becomes viable. In this study, thermal cracking tests were conducted to obtain hydrocarbons (condensate) of lower molar masses, from common plastic wastes. Physical properties of the products were measured, such as viscosity, density, pour point, cloud point and aniline temperature. Due to their chemical similarity, the hydrocarbon products from the tertiary recycling of postconsumer low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic bags were used to dilute a heavy crude oil (12°API) and lower its viscosity. Results showed a viscosity reduction of 90% at room temperature of a 5:25 vol:vol blend of hydrocarbons/heavy crude oil. This paper proposes an alternative solution for two alarming global problems: waste plastics recovery and optimal transportation of heavy crude oil; However, an industrial application of this process would have to be combined with municipal solid waste collection and pre-treatment technologies.     

固体废物固化处理技术的工业应用

为解决固体废物直接填埋造成地下水的污染问题,提出了采用固化处理的方法对固体废物进行预处理.应用以水泥固化为主、药剂稳定化为辅的工艺技术路线,选取了最佳的固化配方、流程及设备,固化后的废物符合排放标.