空心玻璃微珠对聚氨酯介电性能的影响

以空心玻璃微珠为无机填料，通过与聚氨酯采取物理混合的方法，经过真空除泡，浇注，高温固化，制备获得聚氨酯/玻璃微珠低介电常数复合材料。通过测试不同含量、不同粒径以及不同湿度下玻璃微珠/聚氨酯材料的介电常数，分析玻璃微珠对聚氨酯材料介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适当比例的空心玻璃微珠，聚氨酯材料能够在保持较好机械性能的情况下获得更低的介电常数。当空心玻璃微珠含量为15%时，复合材料在保持材料原有力学性能的同时，频率10⁶Hz时的介电常数由3.9降低到2.5左右。当复合材料在空气湿度较大的环境时，经过表面改性的复合材料的介电常数稳定性相比于未改性的稳定性好；玻璃微珠的粒径越小，复合材料的介电常数越低。     

空心玻璃微珠填充环氧树脂复合材料力学性能

对不同填充质量比的改性空心玻璃微珠(HGB)/环氧树脂复合材料进行了拉伸、压缩准静态实验。研究了改性空心玻璃微珠不同填充量对复合材料密度、弹性模量、拉伸强度和压缩强度的影响, 并分析其应力松弛。实验发现, 材料的各项数据随填充比增加均有所降低。空心玻璃微珠的填入使材料表现出脆性破坏, 但破坏前有较大的变形, 破坏后回弹率大, 说明玻璃微珠的填充增强了材料的弹性。HGB/环氧树脂复合材料具有明显的应力松弛现象, 且填充比越高, 应力松弛速率越大, 可见HGB/环氧树脂复合材料具有明显的黏弹性。      

空心玻璃微珠增强环氧树脂复合材料的动态力学性能

通过对空心玻璃微珠（HGM）/环氧树脂复合材料进行动态力学分析（DMA）,给出了环氧树脂基体在不同频率下的动态力学温度谱,利用时温等效原理,根据位移因子构建了HGM/环氧树脂复合材料在室温下的储能模量和损耗模量的频率主曲线。分析了温度和频率、体积比和粒径对HGM/环氧树脂复合材料储能模量和损耗模量的影响规律,并结合SEM图像分析其影响机制。结果表明,随着HGM体积分数的增加,HGM/环氧树脂复合材料储能模量和损耗模量呈增大趋势;储能模量随温度升高而降低,损耗模量随温度的增加先增大后减小,在玻璃化温度附近形成一个峰值,HGM低于10%的配比有利于提高其动态力学性能。颗粒的团聚及界面的黏合均对HGM/环氧树脂复合材料的动态力学性能产生较大影响。     

玻璃微珠增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的压缩性能及热稳定性

研究了玻璃微珠增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的制备、微观结构、压缩性能和热稳定性。结果表明: 当玻璃微珠含量为10 %时, 增强泡沫塑料的压缩强度和压缩模量达到最大; 经过硅烷偶联剂表面处理的玻璃微珠增强的泡沫塑料的压缩强度和压缩模量提高幅度较大, 起始分解温度和峰值分解温度也有一定程度的提高。SEM、XPS 和EDS 分析表明: 增强泡沫塑料的泡孔密度增加、泡孔直径变小, 玻璃微珠表面与树脂基体间界面粘结状况良好, 玻璃微珠在树脂基体中均匀分散。这些因素是造成玻璃微珠增强泡沫塑料压缩性能和热稳定性具有较大改善的原因      

玻璃微珠/环氧树脂复合材料的动静态力学性能研究

玻璃微珠浮力材料是一种由空心玻璃微珠(HGB)和环氧树脂制造的二相复合材料。玻璃微珠材料因其具有低密度、高强度、吸水率低等特点被广泛应用于建材、航海、航天等领域。其静态力学性能已经得到充分地研究，但对其动态力学性能的研究尚不能满足工程应用需求。采用INSTRON电子万能试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对HGB/环氧树脂复合材料进行了准静态/动态加载情况下的压缩、劈拉、伪三轴压缩实验。结果表明，HGB/环氧树脂复合材料具有较强的应变率敏感性。其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度随应变率增加而增加，表现出应变率增强效应。其破坏形式也存在应变率敏感特性，随着应变率的提高其脆性增加。对比单轴压缩及伪三轴压缩，发现材料在伪三轴压缩情况下较单轴压缩时抗压强度增强。     

玻璃微珠含量及粒径对填充聚丙烯复合材料动态力学性能的影响

应用动态力学分析仪,在－１５０￣１０１０℃的温度范围内,考察了玻璃微珠填充聚丙烯中微珠的含量及其粒径对复合材料动态力学性能的影响。结果表明,室浊下的贮能模量和 损耗模量随着微珠体积分数Φｆ的增加而呈非线性形式增大;在相同条件下,最大粒径微珠填充体系的动态模量高于较小粒径微珠填充体系;微珠含量和粒径对复合材料的阻尼的影响不明显;在Φｆ５％￣１５％范围内,玻璃化转变温度随着Φｆ的增加而增大,然后随之下     

镀银玻璃微珠/炭纤维填充导电硅橡胶的电磁屏蔽性能

分别研究了用镀银玻璃微珠,炭纤维和镀银玻璃微珠/炭纤维复合填料填充的硅橡胶的电磁屏蔽效能。结果表明,在2.6 GHz~3.95 GHz频段内,镀银玻璃微珠填充量越大,导电硅橡胶的电磁屏蔽效能越高,镀银玻璃微珠填充量为180份时,样品的屏蔽效能的峰值为-115.2 dB。添加少量炭纤维能够提高镀银玻璃微珠/炭纤维复合填料填充橡胶的电磁屏蔽性能,当炭纤维添加量增加到20份时,镀银玻璃微珠/炭纤维复合填料填充硅橡胶(镀银玻璃微珠填充量120份)的电磁屏蔽效能峰值达到-82.0 dB,高于填充量为150份的单纯镀银玻璃微珠填料样品的电磁屏蔽效能,并且能够提高导电硅橡胶的力学性能并降低成本。     

磷改性膨胀石墨对硬质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧性能的影响

用六氯环三磷腈(HCCP)对可膨胀石墨(EG)进行改性,所得改性可膨胀石墨(EGP)用于硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)的阻燃处理。利用红外光谱、热重分析和扫描电镜表征EGP的结构特征。利用万能试验机、极限氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热(CONE)研究了EGP对RPUF力学性能和阻燃性能的影响,通过扫描电镜和热重分析研究了RPUF样品燃烧后残炭的微观形貌和阻燃机理。分析结果表明,随着EG或EGP添加量的增加其LOI随之增加,在相同添加量的情况下RPUF/EGP的LOI最高,且其力学性能优于RPUF/EG的力学性能;由于EGP促使RPUF分解产生更加致密坚固的炭层,所以RPUF/EGP的点燃时间比RPUF/EG推迟了4s,其热释放速率峰值、总的热释放量、烟释放速率峰值和总的烟释放量分别比RPUF/EG降低了9.1%、5.9%、19.0%和33.8%,EGP表现出优于EG的阻燃抑烟性能。     

空心玻璃微珠/硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的制备及性能

以空心玻璃微珠(HGM)为添加剂,采用一步法全水发泡制备了一系列HGM/硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)复合材料。通过SEM、TG、极限氧指数(LOI)和水平燃烧,研究了HGM/RPUF复合材料的泡孔结构、炭层形貌、热稳定性及阻燃性能。采用万能材料试验机测试了HGM/RPUF复合材料的压缩强度和压缩弹性模量。采用热重-傅里叶红外光谱(TG-FTIR)研究了HGM/RPUF复合材料燃烧过程中的气相产物。研究表明,HGM有成核剂作用,可以缩小HGM/RPUF复合材料泡孔孔径。HGM在燃烧过程中迁移到炭层表面,促进形成致密厚实的炭层。当加入5.4wt% HGM时,HGM/RPUF复合材料的压缩强度及压缩弹性模量分别提高至0.14 MPa和4.53 MPa,相对RPUF,分别提高了37.30%和67.16%。同时发现,HGM能明显抑制HGM/RPUF复合材料在燃烧过程中CO的释放,有效提高了其火灾安全性。      

空心玻璃微珠填充改性POM的结构与性能

用空心玻璃微珠填充改性聚甲醛(POM)。研究了玻璃微珠的含量、粒径对POM／玻璃微珠复合体系力学性能、流动性和分散形态等的影响。结果表明,影响复合体系性能的主导因素是玻璃微珠在POM中的分散形态及其与POM间的界面粘结状况。用量一定的小粒径玻璃微珠可在POM中均匀分散,与POM间界面粘接好,可以提高复合体系的性能。     

Prediction of long-term viscoelastic behavior of amorphous resin based on the time-temperature superposition principle

This paper deals with the prediction of long-term viscoelastic behavior of amorphous resin at a temperature below the glass transition temperature T _g from measuring the short-term viscoelastic behavior at elevated temperatures based on the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) with vertical shift as well as horizontal shift. The long-term creep compliance as well as short-term and medium-term creep compliances were measured at elevated temperatures. The master curves of creep compliance can be constructed from measured data by shifting vertically as well as horizontally. The master curves of creep compliance constructed from measured data by short-term and medium-term creep tests agree well with those measured by long-term creep tests. Furthermore, the horizontal and vertical shift factors obtained from constructing the master curve are independent of the time period of creep tests. Therefore, the long-term viscoelastic behavior at a temperature below T _g can be predicted accurately from measuring the short-term viscoelastic behavior at elevated temperatures based on the TTSP with vertical shift as well as horizontal shift.     

沥青混合料黏弹性主曲线模拟及换算

基于时间-温度等效原理将不同温度下沥青混合料的储存模量和蠕变柔量进行平移形成主曲线,采用广义Maxwell和Kelvin模型分别模拟沥青混合料的松弛和蠕变特性,利用Prony级数表达式和Laplace变换实现黏弹性主曲线间的相互换算,并将换算结果与试验结果进行了比较。结果表明,广义Maxwell和Kelvin模型可以较好地模拟沥青混合料黏弹性主曲线,储存模量和蠕变柔量主曲线相互换算结果与试验结果规律基本一致,松弛模量实际结果应介于由储存模量和蠕变柔量换算的松弛模量主曲线之间,这可为沥青混合料黏弹性力学研究及黏弹性参数的获取提供有益参考。     

The Combined Influence of Molecular Weight and Temperature on the Physical Aging and Creep Compliance of a Glassy Thermoplastic Polyimide

The effect of molecular weight on the viscoelastic performance of anadvanced polymer (LaRC-SI) was investigated through the use of creepcompliance tests. Testing consisted of short-term isothermal creep andrecovery with the creep segments performed under constant load. Thetests were conducted at three temperatures below the glass transitiontemperature of five materials of different molecular weight. Through theuse of time-aging-time superposition procedures, the material constants,material master curves and aging-related parameters were evaluated ateach temperature for a given molecular weight. The time-temperaturesuperposition technique helped to describe the effect of temperature onthe timescale of the viscoelastic response of each molecular weight. Itwas shown that the low molecular weight materials have higher creepcompliance and creep rate, and are more sensitive to temperature thanthe high molecular weight materials. Furthermore, a critical molecularweight transition was observed to occur at a weight-average molecularweight of _w 25,000 g/mol below which, the temperature sensitivity of thetime-temperature superposition shift factor increases significantly. Theshort-term creep compliance data were used in association with Struik'seffective time theory to predict the long-term creep compliance behaviorfor the different molecular weights. At long timescales, physical agingserves to significantly decrease the creep compliance and creep rate ofall the materials tested. Long-term test data verified the predictivecreep behavior. Materials with higher temperature and lower molecularweights had greater creep compliance and higher creep rates.     

基于蠕变试验的沥青粘弹性损伤特性

通过BBR-弯曲梁流变仪在不同温度下进行沥青小梁蠕变试验,得到了不同温度下的蠕变柔量曲线。通过移位,按WLF公式推导得到了不同温度下的移位因子和各个温度下的蠕变柔量主曲线簇。用Weibull函数来描述沥青内部缺陷的分布,将Burgers粘弹性模型与连续损伤因子模型二者耦合建立了沥青的粘弹性损伤模型。理论模型和试验结果比较吻合,表明在沥青粘弹性性能评价过程中考虑损伤效应的影响是必要的。     

Estimating creep deformation of glass-fiber-reinforced polycarbonate

Thermoplastic resin and fiber-reinforced thermo-plastics (FRTPs) were used without post-cure treatment as “molded material.” For such materials, creep behavior and physical aging occur simultaneously. This study examined the creep behavior of polycarbonate (PC) and glass-fiber-reinforced polycarbonate (GFRPC) injection moldings, including the effect of physical aging and fiber content, and determined that the time–temperature superposition principle could be applied to the creep behavior for different fiber contents. The effects of physical aging on creep behavior were evaluated quantitatively on pure resin and with various fiber contents without heat treatment. We found that the effect of physical aging could be evaluated with the proposed factor, “aging shift rate.” To discuss the linearity of viscoelasticity in FRTPs, this study used two shift factors: time and modulus shift factors. The fiber content affected creep behavior by both retarding and restraining it through changing the elastic modulus. This was shown by generating a grand master curve of creep compliance, which included the effects of time, temperature, and fiber content. Using the grand master curve of creep compliance and shift factors, it was possible to estimate the creep deformation of molded materials under varying conditions and fiber contents. The estimated creep deformation gave a very good fit to the experimental creep deformation.     

A systematic methodology for creep master curve construction using the stepped isostress method (SSM): a numerical assessment

Long-term creep of viscoelastic materials is experimentally inferred through accelerating techniques based on the time–temperature superposition principle (TTSP) or on the time–stress superposition principle (TSSP). According to these principles, a given property measured for short times at a higher temperature or higher stress level remains the same as that obtained for longer times at a lower temperature or lower stress level, except that the curves are shifted parallel to the horizontal axis, matching a master curve. These procedures enable the construction of creep master curves with short-term experimental tests.The Stepped Isostress Method (SSM) is an evolution of the classical TSSP method. Higher reduction of the required number of test specimens to obtain the master curve is achieved by the SSM technique, since only one specimen is necessary. The classical approach, using creep tests, demands at least one specimen per each stress level to produce a set of creep curves upon which TSSP is applied to obtain the master curve.This work proposes an analytical method to process the SSM raw data. The method is validated using numerical simulations to reproduce the SSM tests based on two different viscoelastic models. One model represents the viscoelastic behavior of a graphite/epoxy laminate and the other represents an adhesive based on epoxy resin.     

Nonlinearly viscoelastic analysis of asphalt mixes subjected to shear loading

This study presents the characterization of the nonlinearly viscoelastic behavior of hot mix asphalt (HMA) at different temperatures and strain levels using Schapery’s model. A recursive-iterative numerical algorithm is generated for the nonlinearly viscoelastic response and implemented in a displacement-based finite element (FE) code. Then, this model is employed to describe experimental frequency sweep measurements of two asphalt mixes with fine and coarse gradations under several combined temperatures and shear strain levels. The frequency sweep measurements are converted to creep responses in the time domain using a phenomenological model (Prony series). The master curve is created for each strain level using the time temperature superposition principle (TTSP) with a reference temperature of 40°C. The linear time-dependent parameters of the Prony series are first determined by fitting a master curve created at the lowest strain level, which in this case is 0.01%. The measurements at strain levels higher than 0.01% are analyzed and used to determine the nonlinear parameters. These parameters are shown to increase with increasing strain levels, while the time–temperature shift function is found to be independent of strain levels. The FE model with the calibrated time-dependent and nonlinear material parameters is used to simulate the creep experimental tests, and reasonable predictions are shown.     

应力水平和纤维角度对CGF/PP复合材料蠕变行为的影响及其Burgers模型参数的数值预测

采用DMA的Creep模式分别测试了短时间内（15 min）聚丙烯（PP）在不同应力水平和温度下的单向拉伸蠕变行为,长时间内（10 h）连续玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯（CGF/PP）复合材料单层板在不同应力水平和不同纤维角度上的拉伸蠕变行为。利用Burgers黏弹性模型拟合了蠕变测试数据,构建了相关参数与应力水平和纤维角度的依赖性。结果表明:PP和CGF/PP单层板的蠕变柔量均随应力增大而显著增加,稳态蠕变速率也随之增加,蠕变模量保留率明显下降,PP基体的黏弹性主要决定了CGF/PP单层板在低应力水平下的蠕变行为; 30%应力水平下,偏轴拉伸的纤维角度在0°~90°范围内存在拉-剪耦合效应,在45°时最为显著,此时稳态蠕变速率和蠕变变形量最大;利用四元件Burgers黏弹性模型拟合各条件下蠕变曲线得到的数值模型与实验数据具有较好的相关性,相关系数达到0.99,从得到的数值模型可知相关模型参数存在明显的应力和角度依赖关系;利用模型参数的数值拟合公式分别预测10 MPa应力下0°纤维方向的蠕变曲线及45°纤维方向上30%应力水平的偏轴蠕变曲线均与实验曲线一致,表明本文得到的数值模型的可靠性。      

Temperature effects on creep behavior of continuous fiber GMT composites

The effects of temperature on the tensile creep of continuous random fiber glass mat thermoplastic composite (GMT) have been studied following an accelerated characterization procedure. The objectives of this work are twofold. First, is to obtain a long-term creep model using time–temperature superposition (TTS) that can represent behavior within the linear viscoelastic regime (up to 20 MPa) at room temperature. The second is to develop a non-linear viscoelastic model that accounts for a wide range of stresses and temperatures. Creep and recovery tests were carried out for a stress range between 20 and 60 MPa over a temperature range of room temperature to 90 °C. TTS was applied to obtain a master curve which was curve fitted to a nine-term Prony series. It was found that material generally behaved non-linearly for all stresses and temperature. For stresses up to 50 MPa, the non-linear viscoelastic behavior due to temperature can be reasonably modeled by only the time–temperature shift factors from TTS. At 60 MPa, however, the non-linear parameters have to be modeled as a product of stress and temperature dependent functions. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results at most stress and temperature levels. The creep curves predicted at higher temperatures especially at 60 MPa tend to underestimate at longer times.     

Nonlinear creep behavior of viscoelastic polycarbonate

A study of the tension behavior of polycarbonate (PC) under room temperature and various sustained loads is presented. Time-dependent axial elongations and transverse contractions of the specimen were simultaneously measured at nine different stress levels, from 15.89 to 59.4 MPa, and modeled according to a time-stress superposition principle. The test duration was only one hour. It was shown that creep compliance vs. log time curves at different stresses can be horizontally shifted to form a smooth master curve for one year at a reference stress of 30.97 MPa. Moreover, the stress shift factors for axial extension creep curves and transverse contraction creep curves are found to be identical for the stress levels considered, and this is verified using the Poisson's ratio measurements.