Beneficial Effects of Supplementation of the Rare Sugar “D‐allulose” Against Hepatic Steatosis and Severe Obesity in Lepob/Lepob Mice

A rare sugar, D‐allulose (also called D‐psicose), has recently been applied as a food supplement in view of controlling diabetes and obesity in Japan. D‐allulose has been proven to have unique effects against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in a number of studies using several species of rats and mice. However, the antiobesity effects of D‐allulose have not yet been assessed in Lep^ob/Lep^ob (ob/ob) mice. Therefore, this study explored the dietary supplemental effects of this sugar in leptin‐deficient ob/ob mice. Consequently, the subchronic ingestion of D‐allulose in ob/ob mice for 15 wk significantly decreased the body and liver weights, and the loss of body weight was involved in the reduction of the total fat mass, including abdominal visceral fat, and not fat‐free body mass, including muscle. Furthermore, D‐allulose improved hepatic steatosis, as evaluated using hepatic histological studies and MRI. In the normal mice, none of these parameters were influenced by the single or long‐term ingestion of D‐allulose. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of D‐allulose especially influences postprandial hyperglycemia and obesity‐related hepatic steatosis, without exercise therapy or dietary restriction. Therefore, D‐allulose may be useful as a supplement for preventing and improving obesity and obesity‐related disorders.     

Characteristics and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products from psicose-lysine and fructose-lysine model systems

D-Psicose, an epimer of D-fructose isomerized at C-3 position, is a rare ketohexose that is thought to be beneficial for obese people and diabetic patients as a noncaloric sweetener. In the present study, model Maillard reaction products were obtained from D-psicose (or D-fructose) and L-lysine heating at 120 °C up to 8 h with the initial pH 9.0. The changes in pH, UV-vis absorbance, and free amino groups during the reaction were detected. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the Maillard reaction products at different intervals was investigated. Although there was almost no difference in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, the Maillard reaction products from psicose performed better than that from fructose in the radical-scavenging activity of 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 1, 1,-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. The reducing power of the Maillard reaction products from psicose was also stronger than that from fructose. These results indicated that psicose played an effective role in the Maillard reaction and its Maillard reaction products could act as potential antioxidants in food industry.     

The long-term effects of feeding honey compared with sucrose and a sugar-free diet on weight gain, lipid profiles, and DEXA measurements in rats

ABSTRACT:  To determine whether honey and sucrose would have differential effects on weight gain during long-term feeding, 45 2-mo-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed a powdered diet that was either sugar-free or contained 7.9% sucrose or 10% honey ad libitum for 52 wk (honey is 21% water). Weight gain was assessed every 1 to 2 wk and food intake was measured every 2 mo. At the completion of the study blood samples were removed for measurement of blood sugar (HbA1c) and a fasting lipid profile. DEXA analyses were then performed to determine body composition and bone mineral densities. Overall weight gain and body fat levels were significantly higher in sucrose-fed rats and similar for those fed honey or a sugar-free diet. HbA1c levels were significantly reduced, and HDL-cholesterol significantly increased, in honey-fed compared with rats fed sucrose or a sugar free diet, but no other differences in lipid profiles were found. No differences in bone mineral density were observed between honey- and sucrose-fed rats, although it was significantly increased in honey-fed rats compared with those fed the sugar-free diet.     

L-阿拉伯糖对营养性肥胖大鼠的减肥作用研究

通过高脂饮食诱导建立营养性肥胖大鼠模型,研究L-阿拉伯糖(LA)对其的减肥作用。通过高脂饮食诱导60 d建立肥胖模型,灌胃给予治疗80 d,检测体重、血糖、肥胖指数(Lee’s指数)、脂肪湿重、脂肪系数和肝指数的变化情况。结果发现,灌胃治疗80 d后,与肥胖模型组相比,L-阿拉伯糖给药组能明显减轻肥胖大鼠体重,明显抑制血糖升高,明显降低Lee’s指数、脂肪湿重、脂肪系数和肝指数。L-阿拉伯糖对营养性肥胖大鼠有较好的减肥和降血糖效果。     

The influence of Goishi tea on adipocytokines in obese mice

This study investigated the influence of Goishi-tea on visceral fat weight in induced obese mice. Mice were divided into two main groups, normal and obesity. In obesity group, mice were fed with high-fat diet. Goishi-tea including its fractions (ethyl-acetate layer and water layer) was administrated in normal and obesity three sub-groups. Results showed no influence of Goishi-tea in normal group. However, visceral fat weight, size of adipose cell and cholesterol level were significantly decreased in obesity group fed Goishi-tea compared to control group. Moreover, adiponectin levels tended to increase and adipocytokines has significant values lower in obesity group fed Goishi-tea compared to control group. Interestingly, Goishi tea involved in the high-fat diet induced-obese mice can inhibit fat accumulation and maintain adiponectins without increasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. It would be beneficial for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disorder.     

The effect of honey compared to sucrose, mixed sugars, and a sugar-free diet on weight gain in young rats

ABSTRACT:  To determine whether honey, sucrose, and mixed sugars as in honey have different effects on weight gain, 40 6-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a powdered diet that was either sugar free or contained 8% sucrose, 8% mixed sugars as in honey, or 10% honey freely for 6 wk. Weight gain and food intake were assessed weekly, and at completion of the study blood samples were removed for measurement of blood sugar (HbA1c) and a fasting lipid profile. The animals were then minced and total percentage body fat and protein measured. Overall percentage weight gain was significantly lower in honey-fed rats than those fed sucrose or mixed sugars, despite a similar food intake. Weight gains were comparable for rats fed honey and a sugar free diet although food intake was significantly higher in honey-fed rats. HbA1c and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in all sugar treatments compared with rats fed a sugar free diet, but no other differences in lipid profiles were reported. No differences in percentage body fat or protein levels were reported.     

黑米花色苷提取物对高脂膳食诱导大鼠肥胖形成的影响

研究黑米花色苷提取物对高脂膳食诱导大鼠肥胖的影响.将体重在180～220g左右的48只雄性SD大鼠根据体重随机分为四组,其中三个实验组分别在大鼠正常饲料中添加高脂饲料、黑米花色苷提取物以及高脂 黑米花色苷提取物混合物.喂饲大鼠12周后处死大鼠,收集血液、组织标本检测.结果表明,黑米花色苷提取物能够显著抑制高脂诱导的大鼠体重增加,同时也抑制了白色脂肪组织的生长,血脂中甘油三酯水平的升高及脂质在肝脏组织的堆积.研究结果显示:黑米花色苷提取物能够改善高脂膳食诱导的大鼠肥胖相关指标.     

川陈皮素对高脂膳食诱导大鼠的降脂减肥及预防脂肪肝形成作用

目的：研究川陈皮素对高脂膳食诱导的大鼠体质量、血脂和肝脏的影响。方法：将56 只雄性SD大鼠随 机分为7 组,即正常组、高脂对照组、阳性对照组（奥利司他和力平之）和川陈皮素低、中、高剂量组（高脂 饲料＋0.02%、0.04%、0.08%川陈皮素）,对正常组饲喂普通饲料,其余各组分别饲喂相应的高脂饲料,连续喂养 6 周后,考察不同时期大鼠血清血脂水平变化,检测大鼠体质量、体内脂肪质量、脏器变化及肝脏组织形态变化。 结果：川陈皮素可以有效抑制高脂膳食大鼠的体质量增长,降低Lee’s指数、食物利用率和脂肪系数;降低血清中 总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）水平,其中降低TG作用显效较快,降低血清TC和LDL-C作用需要较长时间;同时可降低肝脏 指数、血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平,改善肝脏脂肪变性情况。结论：川陈皮素具有预防肥胖、辅助降血脂 及预防肝脏脂肪变性的作用。     

赤藓醇

赤藓醇是丁四醇,是近年国际上新开发的食用糖醇,它具有和其他糖醇共有的功能,但由于分子量小,易于吸收,不在大肠滞留而不易产生腹泻,因而受到食品和加工业的喜爱。赤藓进入体内,因人体缺乏代谢赤藓醇的酶系,所以很快又从尿中排出体外,被认为是理想的低热量无糖食品配料。本简要叙述了赤藓醇的物化性质,生理功能,生产方法,以及应用实例。     

甘油二酯的代谢机制及营养功能研究进展

油脂是人体主要的三大营养素之一，合理膳食油脂对人体供能、提升免疫功能、维持神经和生理活性提供了保障。甘油三酯(TAG)作为食用油脂主要成分，在消化代谢后容易转化为储能脂肪，使机体负担较大。甘油二酯(DAG)是一种天然TAG替代脂，被证明具有多种营养功能。旨在为DAG作为新型健康油脂的应用提供理论基础，综述了DAG的代谢机制以及DAG主要的营养功能。DAG具有和TAG相似的理化性质，由于代谢途径与TAG的差异以及可以调控与脂肪氧化相关基因的表达，使DAG具有促进脂肪氧化、抑制体质量增加、降低内脏脂肪含量、改善血清胆固醇、调节血糖、降低血脂等多种功能。DAG的摄入可有效降低代谢综合征和心血管疾病发生的风险。     

Body composition and hormonal effects following exposure to mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in the high-fat diet-induced obese mouse

Scope: To characterize the effects of ingesting the common foodborne mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on body weight and composition in the high‐fat (HF) diet‐induced obese mice, a model of human obesity. Methods and results: Female B6C3F1 mice were initially fed HF diets containing 45% kcal (HF45) or 60% kcal (HF60) as fat for 94 days to induce obesity. Half of each group was either continued on unamended HF diets or fed HF diets containing 10 mg/kg DON (DON‐HF45 or DON‐HF60) for another 54 days. Additional control mice were fed a low‐fat (LF) diet containing 10% kcal as fat for the entire 148‐day period. DON induced rapid decreases in body weights and fat mass, which stabilized to those of the LF control within 11 days. These effects corresponded closely to a robust transient decrease in food consumption. While lean body mass did not decline in DON‐fed groups, further increases were suppressed. DON exposure reduced plasma insulin, leptin, insulin‐like growth factor 1, and insulin‐like growth factor acid labile subunit as well as increased hypothalamic mRNA level of the orexigenic agouti‐related protein. Conclusion: DON‐mediated effects on body weight, fat mass, food intake, and hormonal levels in obese mice were consistent with a state of chronic energy restriction.     

Anti-obesity activity of peanut sprout extract

Sprouting of peanut usually promotes de novo biosynthesis of phenolic compounds such as resveratrol. As phenolic compounds have been reported to possess anti-obesity activity, we investigated the effect of peanut sprout extract (PSE) on weight gain induced by high-fat diet (HF) in C57BL/6J mice. Administration of PSE effectively suppressed the body weight gain induced by HF without altering food intake. Furthermore, blood parameters, including levels of TG and total cholesterol, were significantly improved by administration of 0.5 g/kg BW of PSE compared to mice fed HF alone. Although its mechanism of action remains unclear, the anti-obesity activity of PSE appears to be associated with its inhibition of carbohydrate digestion enzymes, as it dose-dependently inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase but not pancreatic lipase while PSE did not have any inhibitory effect against lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3L1 adipocyte. In conclusion, PSE deserves further study as a health functional ingredient for body weight control.     

Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) does not Improve Glucose Tolerance,Serum Insulin,or Blood Lipid Profiles in a Rat Model of Type‐2 Diabetes

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a low (0.5%) and a high (2.0%) dietary dose of freeze‐dried Chinese cabbage (CC) (Brassica campestris L.) powder in a type‐2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. Five‐week‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high fat (HF)‐containing diet for 2 wk then randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 animals, namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC), Chinese cabbage low (CCL, 0.5%), and Chinese cabbage high (CCH, 2.0%) groups. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg body weight) in all groups except the NC group. After 4 wk feeding of experimental diets, although food intake was not different among the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups, body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the CCH group compared to the DBC group. Relatively higher serum insulin concentrations and better glucose tolerance were observed in the CC‐fed groups compared to the DBC group; however, the results were not significantly different. Fasting blood glucose, blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), liver weight, and liver glycogen levels were not influenced by the CC‐containing diets. Additionally, hypertriglyceridemic tendencies were observed in the CC‐fed groups compared to the NC and DBC groups, while difference observed for total‐, HDL‐, and LDL‐cholesterols between the groups were negligible. Results of this study suggest that up to 2% dietary dose of freeze‐dried CC is not significantly effective to reduce diabetes‐related symptoms in an HF diet‐fed STZ‐induced T2D model of rats.     

Dietary influences on nonexercise physical activity and energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice

It is well established that the lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain or obesity. However, there is limited information on influences of diet components on physical activity. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of major dietary components on energy expenditure by affecting nonexercise physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. All mice were assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary groups based on their body weight and baseline physical activity; low fat/normal protein, high fat/normal protein, low fat/low protein, or low fat/high protein. After 3 mo, the highest weight gain was observed in animals fed with high-fat/normal-protein diet, and the caloric intake was significantly lower in low-fat/high-protein diet-fed mice compared to other groups. However, there were no significant changes in nonexercise physical activity during experimental periods in all groups. The respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These findings suggest that diet-induced obesity is not explainable by levels of physical activity and energy expenditure. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The understanding the link between diet and nonexercise physical activity would provide important knowledge that will potentially assist appropriate food choices to control obesity and its related health problems.     

Ketogenic diet-fed rats have increased fat mass and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity

The ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by high fat and low carbohydrate and protein contents, has been proposed to be beneficial in children with epilepsy disorders not helped by conventional anti-epileptic drug treatment. Weight loss and inadequate growth is an important drawback of this diet and metabolic causes are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to examine body weight variation during KD feeding for 6 wk of Wistar rats; fat mass and adipocyte cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity were also observed. PEPCK activity was determined based on the [H(14)CO(3) (-)]-oxaloacetate exchange reaction. KD-fed rats gained weight at a less rapid rate than normal-fed rats, but with a significant increment in fat mass. The fat mass/body weight ratio already differed between ketogenic and control rats after the first week of treatment, and was 2.4 x higher in ketogenic rats. The visceral lipogenesis was supported by an increment in adipocyte PEPCK, aiming to provide glycerol 3-phosphate to triacylglycerol synthesis and this fat accumulation was accompanied by glucose intolerance. These data contribute to our understanding of the metabolic effects of the KD in adipose tissue and liver and suggest some potential risks of this diet, particularly visceral fat accumulation.     

大豆肽共轭亚油酸复合粉减肥作用研究

目的研究大豆肽共轭亚油酸复合粉的减肥功效。方法分别以1、2和4 g/kg·bw剂量的大豆肽共轭亚油酸复合粉对大鼠连续灌胃6周后,测定试验末体重、体内脂肪重、脂/体比等各项指标。结果受试物高剂量组(4 g/kg)的试验末体重、体内脂肪重和脂/体比均低于模型对照组;摄食量与模型对照组在试验末体重、体内脂肪重、脂/体比等各项指标方面无显著性差异。结论根据国食药监保化[2012]107号附件8《减肥功能评价方法》的结果判定,大豆肽共轭亚油酸复合粉对大鼠具有减肥功能作用。     

Purple Sweet Potato Attenuate Weight Gain in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice

Purple sweet potato (PSP) is widely grown in Asia and considered as a healthy vegetable. The objective of the current study was to determine the anti‐obesity effect of the PSP on high fat diet induced obese C57BL/6J mice. The mice were administrated with high fat diet supplemented with the sweet potato (SP) or PSP at the concentration of 15% and 30% for 12 wk, respectively. The results showed that the supplementation of SP or PSP at 30% significantly ameliorated high fat diet induced obesity and its associated risk factors, including reduction of body weight and fat accumulation, improvement of lipid profile and modulation of energy expenditure. Moreover, PSP also posed beneficial effect on the liver and kidney functions. These results indicate that PSP and SP have anti‐obesity effect and are effective to reduce the metabolic risk.     

L-茶氨酸与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯预防肥胖及高胆固醇血症的协同调节作用

以成功造模肥胖及高胆固醇血症大鼠的高脂饲料为基础,以辛伐他汀为阳性对照,比较研究了表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG,83.3 mg·kg?1·d?1)+L-茶氨酸(16.7 mg·kg?1·d?1)、EGCG(100 mg·kg?1·d?1)和L-茶氨酸(100 mg·kg?1·d?1)连续灌胃高脂饮食SPF级SD大...     

Effects of dietary consumption of cranberry powder on metabolic parameters in growing rats fed high fructose diets

The effect of dietary consumption of a cranberry powder (CP) containing increased amounts of procyanidins and other phytochemicals on metabolic parameters associated with metabolic syndrome was investigated in growing rats fed a high fructose diet. Dietary treatments were control (starch based), high fructose (HF), and HF containing either 3.3, 6.6, or 33 g CP/kg diet. Fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides tended to be higher with HF feeding and were reduced by feeding CP. The area under curve following an oral glucose tolerance test was 35-50% higher in animals fed HF diet vs. control and was decreased to control levels by the low or medium but not high CP diet. Feeding CP tended to lower fasting plasma insulin. Homeostatic models of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-BCF) were lowest in animals fed low or medium CP diets (p < 0.05). Rats fed the control starch diet had slightly higher food intake, final body weight, and abdominal fat compared to animals fed other diets. Kidney weight was higher in HF group and feeding CP decreased kidney weight to normal levels. In the fed state, plasma triglyceride was increased with HF diet, whereas insulin was lower in animals fed HF diet. Overall, inclusion of CP in the diet was effective in modulating some aspects of metabolic parameters associated with metabolic syndrome and the medium level of CP in the diet produced a better response than the lower and higher CP levels.     

Cranberry pomace partially ameliorates metabolic factors associated with high fructose feeding in growing Sprague–Dawley rats

The effect of feeding cranberry pomace (CBP) on selected metabolic parameters associated with high fructose feeding (58% by weight) was investigated in growing Sprague–Dawley rats. Compared to a positive control (modified AIN93 diet), high fructose feeding increased fasting plasma insulin, cholesterol, and triacylglycerols (TAG), post-prandial plasma TAG as well as homeostatic assessment models of insulin resistance and β-cell function, but not weight gain, diet intake and efficiency, abdominal fat, oral glucose tolerance, and fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose and cholesterol levels. Inclusion of CBP was effective in minimizing or ameliorating some of the metabolic anomalies, such as increased fasting plasma insulin, cholesterol, and TAG level as well as decreasing insulin resistance, especially when extruded CBP was fed at 3% of the diet. Feeding HF diets was only partially effective in augmenting some of the metabolic factors associated with high fructose feeding, including triacylglycerolemia and insulin resistance, but not weight gain or abdominal obesity. Overall, CBP was effective in minimizing or ameliorating the metabolic anomalies observed in the current study, more so with 3% extruded CBP.