Experimental study of mechanical properties of normal-strength concrete exposed to high temperatures at an early age

In China, accidental fires are known to occur during construction, causing concrete to be exposed to high temperatures when it is at an early age (i.e. “young”). In this paper, compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concretes cured for different periods and exposed to high temperatures were obtained. The effects of the duration of curing, maximum temperature and the type of cooling on the strengths of concrete were investigated. Experimental results indicate that after exposure to high temperatures up to 800 °C, early-age concrete that has been cured for a certain period can regain 80% of the compressive strength of the control sample of concrete. The 3-day-cured early-age concrete was observed to recover the most strength. The type of cooling also affects the level of recovery of compressive and splitting tensile strength. For early-age concrete, the relative recovered strengths of specimens cooled by sprayed water are higher than those of specimens cooled in air when exposed to temperatures below 800 °C, while the changes for 28-day concrete are the converse. When the maximum temperature exceeds 800 °C, the relative strength values of all specimens cooled by water spray are lower than those of specimens cooled in air.     

养护剂对道床板现浇混凝土收缩开裂性能的影响

为解决道床板现浇混凝土养护难、易开裂的问题,研究了自制高效养护剂对道床板现浇混凝土的强度、塑性收缩变形和抗裂性的影响。结果表明,采用养护剂养护有利于提高混凝土的抗压强度,其早期(7d)抗压强度高于标准养护下的抗压强度,后期(28d和56d)抗压强度与标准养护下的抗压强度相近,但其7d和28d抗折强度略低于标准养护下的抗折强度。在混凝土浇筑成型后立即喷涂养护剂,可有效降低混凝土塑性收缩。72h后,TJ-A、TJ-B和C型3种养护剂分别降低混凝土塑性收缩率为42%、27%和27%,同时,这3种养护剂养护下的混凝土表面水分蒸发量比自然养护下分别降低了60%、54%、60%。养护剂养护有效地防止了混凝土早期裂缝的产生,提高了混凝土的抗裂性能。     

养护方法对混凝土楼板裂缝的影响

通过试验研究和工程实例,指出减水剂的掺入大幅度地增加了混凝土的早期收缩,而早期养护能大幅度减小掺外加剂混凝土的早期收缩和后期收缩,对控制混凝土的非荷载裂缝十分有利。     

混凝土早期裂缝分析及早期收缩的试验研究

对当前混凝土早期裂缝日趋严重的原因进行了分析,提出了相关规范在抑制早期裂缝方面有待重新评估的内容,并通过早期收缩试验对早期收缩裂缝的控制进行了研究,认为加强初凝后的早期保湿养护是抑制这类裂缝产生的关键。     

Super absorbing polymers as an internal curing agent for mitigation of early-age cracking of high-performance concrete bridge decks

High-performance concrete (HPC) with low w/b-ratio experiences a considerable chemical shrinkage and self-desiccation during its hydration process, leading to a rather high autogenous shrinkage deformation during hardening. In case the free deformation of the concrete is prevented, internal stresses are introduced, which can lead to premature cracks. These early-age cracks can severely affect the durability of a concrete structure. By adding super absorbing polymers (SAP) into the HPC as an internal curing agent, and by adding additional curing water to the concrete mixture, the chemical shrinkage and the self-desiccation during hydration of the concrete is counteracted and thus the autogenous shrinkage of the HPC can be significantly reduced. Unfortunately, this process of internal curing also has some disadvantageous effects on the mechanical properties. In search of an optimization of the internal curing process, an extensive experimental program was performed on HPC, using different degrees of internal curing, to assess the mechanical and thermal properties of the HPC, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the performed curing. The goal is to obtain a maximal autogenous shrinkage reduction and a minimal strength reduction. The resulting effect on the early-age cracking risk is simulated by means of finite element calculations. The simulations also include thermal stress development due to the heat of hydration. In case 70 kg/m³ of internal curing water is provided via the SAP, an optimal reduction of the cracking risk is noticed, mainly caused by the autogenous shrinkage reduction and the appearing expansive deformation peak directly after setting takes place.     

内养护措施改善混凝土收缩开裂性能

通过对使用预浸轻集料或高吸水树脂(SAP)替代部分集料的混凝土试件的早期开裂、限制收缩及非限制收缩的试验,探讨了混凝土内养护措施对改善混凝土收缩开裂性能的影响,并比较了不同种类养护方式的改善效果,并从理论上分析了内养护措施改善混凝土开裂及收缩的机理。试验结果表明,内养护措施可以很好地改善混凝土的收缩开裂性能,尤其是SAP的使用可以使混凝土的开裂及收缩减小30-50%,在易于发生收缩开裂和(或)不易养护的结构中有重要的推广应用价值。     

低温条件施工对水泥混凝土路面质量的影响

水泥混凝土路面是典型的板状结构,浇筑时混凝土的温度、基层温度、模板温度、环境温度、相对湿度以及风速等对混凝土的浇筑、压实、饰面以及长期路用性能影响较大.低温条件对早期混凝土质量如工作性、凝结时间和早期强度以及体积稳定性和耐久性的影响不可忽视.在总结低温条件对混凝土质量影响的基础上,认为控制混凝土的浇筑温度和浇筑后数日的养护温度对路面的长期性能至关重要.对目前通常采用的控制混凝土浇筑时温度的措施如改善配合比、提高混凝土组分温度、掺加特种外加剂和采取合理的养护措施等作了详细介绍.     

高性能混凝土板式构件的早期收缩特性及预测模型

以桥面板等高性能混凝土板式构件为研究对象,通过实验测试了板式构件不同截面厚度位置处早期收缩分布情况,探讨混凝土早期收缩变形与温度、湿度发展过程。结果表明,混凝土板式构件的内部厚度方向不同位置处的相对湿度随龄期都呈现逐渐减小趋势,并呈现两阶段特征,同时,混凝土板式构件早期收缩变形厚度方向不同步,导致板式构件表面产生拉应力,当拉应力大于当时混凝土的抗拉强度时,混凝土表面就会出现浅层裂缝,这与实际工程中发现的板式构件表面开裂情况相吻合。混凝土板式构件早期收缩变形与相同配合比混凝土的早期自由收缩变形进行比较,引入相对约束度并建立了混凝土板式构件早期收缩变形的预测模型,并验证了该模型的准确性,其特点是能预测高性能混凝土板式构件不同截面厚度位置的早期收缩变形,对控制混凝土桥梁板式结构的早期收缩裂缝具有实际意义。     

Influence of practical curing methods on evaporation of water from freshly placed concrete in hot climates

The effectiveness of different curing methods on the evaporation of water from freshly placed concrete is presented. The curing methods employed within the current experimental programme comprised plastic sheeting and burlap and were compared to the evaporation of water from an uncovered concrete surface. Samples were exposed to an ambient temperature of 40°C and a relative humidity of approximately 30% for a period of 72 h. The effectiveness of each curing method was quantified in terms of both the cumulative water loss and rate of evaporation from the concrete surface. When compared to the uncovered surface, both curing systems resulted in a reduction in both the total amount of water loss and rate of evaporation, particularly over the initial 6 h after mixing. A local maximum in the rate of evaporation coincided with the maximum in internal temperature occurring within the concrete, the latter being due to setting of the cement binder.     

间歇浇筑板式混凝土的早期约束收缩效应分析

以桥梁高性能混凝土为研究对象,测试老混凝土约束下新混凝土板的收缩变形。通过试验分析界面粗糙度对其影响,并考察混凝土内部早期温、湿度变化与收缩应变的关系,分析养护时间对混凝土材料收缩应力的影响。结果表明:老混凝土约束下的新混凝土厚度随新老混凝土黏结界面粗糙度的提高而增大,新混凝土内部拉应力随界面粗糙度的提高而降低,但新、老混凝土界面粗糙度对黏结面处的收缩影响不显著;距黏结面越近的截面收缩应变越小,在黏结面处达到最小,表现出显著的不均匀性,并随龄期逐渐增大。延长养护时间可减小混凝土收缩变形和内部由于不均匀收缩导致的拉应力,降低混凝土板早期开裂的风险。     

混凝土早期导温导热系数高精度测试方法

混凝土早期温度场引起的变形是其开裂的重要原因,早期导温和导热系数是计算混凝土早期温度场的重要参数。受混凝土早期特性的影响,其测量方法只能基于瞬态热流法,测量精度低是现有测量方法的主要缺陷。本文介绍了一种基于平行热线法测量原理的导温和导热系数高精度测量方法,并开发了相应的试验装置。试验结果表明其稳定性和测量精度比现有方法大大提高。     

早期养护对现代混凝土的重要意义

通过早期养护对混凝土强度、抗裂性、碳化性能、混凝土路面(地面)表层强度、夏(冬)期混凝土性能的影响及工程实践经验分析,充分说明早期养护对现代多组分混凝土性能实现的重要性。提出了针对不同环境、不同温度及具体工程情况需采取的早期养护措施,对进一步提高工程质量、避免或减少质量缺陷具有非常重要的现实意义。     

水灰比对混凝土早期收缩影响的研究

进行了不同水灰比对混凝土早期自收缩及干燥条件下总收缩影响的试验研究。结果表明:水灰比越小,混凝土水化温升达到的峰值越高,其早期温度变形值也越大;随着水灰比的减小,混凝土早期自收缩、干燥条件下的总收缩及自收缩在总收缩中所占比例均显著增大;1d龄期内,混凝土的自收缩发展非常迅速,且低水灰比的混凝土中总收缩主要是由自收缩引起的。     

养护方式对不同龄期混凝土力学性能影响试验研究

在五种不同的养护条件下,考察了养护方式对不同龄期混凝土力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:混凝土早期抗压强度受温度的影响相对较明显,养护温度越高,其早期抗压强度值越大,而后期强度值反而越低;混凝土潮湿养护时间越长、早期养护温度越低,越有利于后期抗压强度的增长;随着养护龄期的延长,7d表面保持润湿的混凝土能获得与标养试件相近的抗压强度和回弹强度换算值。     

Minimum curing time prediction of early-age concrete to prevent frost damage

The purpose of this study is to propose a method that predicts the minimum curing time required for early-age concrete to prevent frost damage. Tests were performed to examine the primary factors that affect the compressive strength of concrete frozen at early ages and to investigate the source of frost damage in early-age concrete. The test results showed that the rate of the decrease in the compressive strength decreases as the start of the frost damage is delayed and when the water–cement ratio is lower. In addition, the results showed that concrete made with Type III cement was less susceptible to frost damage compared with concrete made with ordinary Portland cement. Furthermore, it was found that frost damage occurred through the formation of ice lenses.When early-age concrete is being damaged as a result of freezing, a phase transition of free water into ice appears in the capillary pores of the concrete and leads to a decrease in the compressive strength. Accordingly, the frost resistance of fresh concrete can be determined based on the saturation degree of the capillary pores. A method for predicting the minimum curing time is suggested using the concept of the critical saturation degree of capillary pores.     

对混凝土养护方法的思考与建议

由于水泥和混凝土技术的发展和进步,有些传统的养护方法现已不能完全适用或部分不能适用.混凝土的开始浇水保湿时间应予提前,应做"尽早及时",养护保湿持续时间应做到"足够和适可而止";养护过程中,为保证混凝土结构断面上的温度梯度、升温速率、降温速率适宜及具有较小的最高温度和致裂温度,应在混凝土于半流动状态及塑性阶段实施冷却处理,而在最高温度时加以覆盖并开始保温,并于硬化开始至最高温度到达之间注意防止"热震"的发生.     

SAP对火山灰混凝土收缩性能的改善作用

研究了高吸水树脂(SAP)对C40和C60火山灰混凝土自收缩、干燥收缩及水分损失率的影响,并探讨了SAP对火山灰混凝土收缩性能的作用机理.结果表明:SAP内养护可以显著降低C40和C60火山灰混凝土的自收缩,提高火山灰混凝土的抗裂性,且内养护减缩率与内养护水胶比呈正比关系;SAP内养护增大了火山灰混凝土的干燥收缩和水分损失率,且增大幅度随着内养护引入水量的增加而增大;根据干燥环境中火山灰混凝土的水分损失率与干燥收缩的拟合关系得出了火山灰混凝土产生干燥收缩时的临界水分损失率;虽然SAP内养护增大了火山灰混凝土的干燥收缩,但其总收缩较基准混凝土显著降低.     

早龄期低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变特性

对早龄期低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变特性的把握,能够为受拉状态地聚物混凝土的应力解析及开裂预测提供重要的参数依据。采用自制混凝土拉伸徐变试验装置,通过恒定应力下的混凝土拉伸徐变试验获取混凝土比徐变、徐变增长速率等徐变特性,研究不同初始加载龄期（2、3、4 d）对低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变的影响。结果表明：高温密封养护可以使低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土短时间内达到强度稳定状态;低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土的拉伸徐变特性与普通水泥混凝土相似,试验初期阶段徐变增长速率较快,随持荷时间的增加,徐变增长速率迅速下降;在同一应力强度比下,初始加载龄期越大,比徐变越小,试验初期阶段的徐变增长速率也越小;相较于试验中期阶段与后期阶段,初始加载龄期对试验初期阶段的徐变影响更大。     

某大学1号高层住宅楼筏板大体积混凝土温度裂缝控制技术

大体积混凝土早期的开裂约60％起因于温度收缩。通过优选原材料,优化混凝土配合比,根据不同的气候变化及结构情况组织混凝土的生产和施工,并利用先进、准确、及时的测温系统监测的结果来指导混凝土的养护方法,有效地控制某大学高层住宅基础底板的早期开裂。实现了混凝土的体积稳定性。     

聚丙烯纤维对混凝土早期收缩影响的试验研究

研究在同水灰比的试验条件下,聚丙烯纤维掺量对混凝土早期收缩和流动性等的影响.试验结果表明:聚丙烯纤维能在一定范围内降低混凝土的早期收缩,纤维的减缩效果随掺量的增加而增加;减缩率与掺量不呈线性关系,当纤维掺量达到一定时减缩率增加不明显.由于聚丙烯纤维的掺入会明显降低新拌混凝土的坍落度,在确定聚丙烯纤维的最佳掺量时应综合考虑减缩效果和坍落度损失、经济等因素,聚丙烯纤维的掺量宜选在0.9 kg/m3左右,即体积掺量在0.1%左右.