Energetic analysis of gasification of biomass by partial oxidation in supercritical water

Partial oxidation gasification in supercritical water could produce fuel gases (such as H2, CO and CH4) and signif-icantly reduce the energy consumption. In this work, an energetic model was developed ...     

生物质超临界水部分氧化气化的能量过程分析(英文)

Partial oxidation gasification in supercritical water could produce fuel gases (such as H2, CO and CH4) and signif-icantly reduce the energy consumption. In this work, an energetic model was developed to analyze the partial oxidative gasification of biomass (glucose and lignin) in supercritical water and the related key factors on which gasification under autothermal condition depended upon. The results indicated that the oxidant equiva-lent ratio (ER) should be over 0.3 as the concern about energy balance but less than 0.6 as the concern about fuel gas production. Feedstocks such as glucose and lignin also had different energy recovery efficiency. For ma-terials which can be efficiently gasified, the partial oxidation might be a way for energy based on the combustion of fuel gases. Aromatic materials such as lignin and coal are more potential since partial oxidation could produce similar amount of fuel gases as direct gasification and offer additional energy. Energy recovered pays a key role to achieve an autothermal process. Keeping heat exchanger efficiency above 80%and heat transfer coefficient below 15 kJ·s?1 is necessary to maintain the autothermal status. The results also indicated that the biomass loading should be above 15%but under 20%for an autothermal gasification, since the increase of biomass loading could improve the energy supplied but decrease the efficiency of gasification and gaseous yields. In general, some specific conditions exist among different materials.     

Integrated high temperature gas cleaning: Tar removal in biomass gasification with a catalytic filter

A nickel-based catalytic filter material for the use in integrated high temperature removal of tars and particles from biomass gasification gas was tested in a broad range of parameters allowing the identification of the operational region of such a filter. Small-scale porous alumina filter discs, loaded with approximately 2.5 wt% Al₂O₃, 1.0 wt% Ni and 0.5 wt% MgO were tested with a particle free synthetic gasification gas with 50 vol% N₂, 12 vol% CO, 10 vol% H₂, 11 vol% CO₂, 12 vol% H₂O, 5 vol% CH₄ and 0–200 ppm H₂S, and the selected model tar compounds: naphthalene and benzene. At a typical face velocity of 2.5 cm/s, in the presence of H₂S and at 900 °C, the conversion of naphthalene is almost complete and a 1000-fold reduction in tar content is obtained. Technically, it would be better to run the filter close to the exit temperature of the gasifier around 800–850 °C. At 850 °C, conversions of 99.0% could be achieved in typical conditions, but as expected, only 77% reduction in tars was achieved at 800 °C.

Conversion data can be reasonably well described with first order kinetics and a dominant adsorption inhibition of the Ni sites by H₂S. The apparent activation energies obtained are similar to those reported by other investigators: 177 kJ/mol for benzene and 92 kJ/mol for naphthalene. The estimated heat of adsorption of H₂S is 71 kJ/mol in the benzene experiments and 182 kJ/mol in the naphthalene experiments, which points at very strong adsorption of H₂S. Good operation of the present material can hence only be guaranteed at temperatures above 830 °C mainly due to the strong deactivation by H₂S at lower temperatures.     

基于过程模拟和随机森林模型的生物质制氢过程因素分析与预测

生物质可以替代化石燃料,减少温室气体排放,是一种有前途的可再生能源。生物质通过化学链气化制备氢气,碳化活化制备活性炭,两条工艺路线耦合可以联产绿色能源氢气和具有高附加值的活性炭,但是原材料选择和工艺参数优化成为规模化生产的主要障碍。在生物质联产氢气和活性炭工艺模型的基础上,建立高性能的随机森林预测模型,并探究生物质组分、工艺参数和过程产物对联产工艺的相对重要性。结果表明：生物质组分中的灰分、碳元素、氢元素的含量以及气体重整温度和水蒸气用量是准确预测氢气浓度和产量的重要影响因素。其中,重整温度、合成气中氢气浓度、水蒸气用量三个影响因素对氢气浓度的影响高达61%,活化剂用量、水蒸气用量两个因素对氢气产量的影响高达63%。此外,基于随机森林模型对生物质制氢过程中的因素进行分析和优化,可以实现氢气浓度达到96.8%(体积)。     

10MWth高硫石油焦化学链气化制合成气耦合硫磺回收新系统模拟研究

基于化学链气化技术依靠气固反应定向调控气化产物中H₂S和SO₂摩尔比为2的优势，将化学链气化与Claus工艺中的催化转化单元相结合，提出了高硫石油焦化学链气化制合成气和回收硫磺的新系统。针对系统核心单元，即化学链气化过程，基于Aspen Plus，开展热输入10 MW_th的高硫石油焦化学链气化过程模拟，以赤铁矿石为载氧体，水蒸气为气化介质，重点考察了氧碳比、气化温度对化学链气化过程及硫转化过程的影响。结果发现，氧碳比的增大导致合成气产率显著降低，但系统从需要外部提供能量逐渐转变为对外部放热，在氧碳比0.8669～0.9535区间内，系统可以达到热量自平衡。同时，气化温度的提高对合成气产率是有利的，在975℃时达到2.15 m³/kg，主要是由于CO体积分数随气化温度增加而增加。氧碳比和气化温度的提高都会导致H₂S浓度的降低和SO₂浓度的提高。并且研究了当H₂S和SO₂摩尔比为2的最佳工况时，氧碳比和气化温度为反相关，其中氧碳比为0.8669，气化温度为900℃时，冷煤气效率为64.09%。     

铁基移动床化学链技术进展

在日益增长的能源需求与日益严峻的全球气候变化带来的双重压力下,清洁、高效且经济的能源利用方法显得尤为重要。将化学链概念用于传统化石能源的转化是一种前景广阔的新技术。化学链燃烧利用载氧体间接转化含碳燃料,同时实现二氧化碳的捕集。俄亥俄州立大学研发了采用铁基载氧体和移动床反应器的化学链技术,可实现天然气、煤、生物质等多种燃料向电力、氢、液体燃料等产品的零排放转化。目前,合成气化学链（syngas chemical looping,SCL）和煤直接化学链（coal direct chemical looping,CDCL）技术两套25 kW_th级小试装置已成功运行总计超过850 h,一套250 kW_th级的高压SCL装置即将投入示范运行。     

The technical feasibility of biomass gasification for hydrogen production

Biomass gasification for energy or hydrogen production is a field in continuous evolution, due to the fact that biomass is a renewable and CO₂ neutral source. The ability to produce biomass-derived vehicle fuel on a large scale will help to reduce greenhouse gas and pollution, increase the security of European energy supplies, and enhance the use of renewable energy. The Värnamo Biomass Gassification Centre in Sweden is a unique plant and an important site for the development of innovative technologies for biomass transformation. At the moment, the Värnamo plant is the heart of the CHRISGAS European project, that aims to convert the produced gas for further upgrading to liquid fuels as dimethyl ether (DME), methanol or Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) derived diesel. The present work is an attempt to highlight the conditions for the reforming unit and the problems related to working with streams having high contents of sulphur and alkali metals.     

Temperature effect on continuous gasification of microalgal biomass: theoretical yield of methanol production and its energy balance

A microalga, Spirulina, was partially oxidized at temperatures of 850°C, 950°C, and 1000°C, and the composition of produced gas was determined in order to evaluate the theoretical yield of methanol from the gas. The gas composition depended on the temperature, and the gasification at 1000°C gave the highest theoretical yield of 0.64 g methanol from 1 g of the biomass. Based on this yield, the total energy requirement for the whole process including the microalgal biomass production and conversion into methanol was obtained. Energy balance, which was defined as the ratio of the energy of methanol produced to the total required energy, was 1.1, which indicates that this process was plausible as an energy producing process. The greater part of the total required energy, almost four-fifth, was consumed with the microalgal biomass production, suggesting that more efficient production of microalgal biomass might greatly improve its energy balance.     

木炭水蒸气催化气化制取合成气

以木炭为原料,选用KOH、K₂CO₃、KHCO₃、KNO₃为催化剂,在上吸式固定床气化炉中,进行水蒸气催化气化制取合成气实验。考察了不同催化剂、催化剂用量、水蒸气流量、气化温度对木炭水蒸气气化的炭转化率、产氢率、气体组成体积分数和H₂/CO值的影响。实验通过炭吸收催化剂溶液来负载催化剂,实验结果表明：4种催化剂都可提高木炭气化效率,在浸渍相同质量分数的催化剂溶液下,催化活性顺序为KOH>K₂CO₃>KHCO₃>KNO₃。碳转化率及产氢率都随着催化剂溶液浓度的增加而增大,但浓度过高增加趋势逐渐变缓,催化剂溶液质量分数在4%~6%较为合适。增加水蒸气流量,气体产物中H₂体积分数增大,H₂/CO值增大。升高温度可促进炭气化反应,950℃时碳转化率和产氢率分别达到98.7%和145.23g/kg。实验可得到H₂/CO比1.53~4.09范围间的合成气,可用于合成甲醇、甲烷、二甲醚等燃料。     

Syngas production by biomass gasification using Rh/CeO2/SiO2 catalysts and fluidized bed reactor

We have been developed novel catalysts for gasification of biomass with much higher energy efficiency than conventional methods (non-catalyst, dolomite, commercial steam reforming Ni catalyst). From the result of the gasification of cellulose over novel Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ catalysts, it is found that the gasification process consists of the reforming of tar and the combustion of solid carbon. We also tested novel Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ in the gasification with air, pyrogasification, and steam reforming of cedar wood. As a result, Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ gave higher yield of syngas than the conventional steam reforming Ni catalyst. Furthermore, we compared the performance between single and dual bed reactors. Single bed reactor was effective in the gasification of cedar, however, it was not suitable for the gasification of rice straw since a rapid deactivation was observed. Gasification of rice straw, jute stick, baggase using the fluidized dual-bed reactor and Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ was also investigated. Especially, the catalyst stability in the gasification of rice straw clearly was enhanced by using the fluidized dual bed reactor.     

微型流化床中生物质半焦水蒸气气化反应特性及动力学研究

利用微型流化床反应分析仪考察了1123~1223 K及10%~40%蒸汽分压(SP)条件下生物质半焦-水蒸气气化的反应特性并计算动力学。结果表明：升高温度和SP有利于缩短反应时间,提高产物(H₂、CO和CO₂)生成率及总C转化率。低温(1123 K)下,反应受SP影响较大,以H₂最为明显,增幅达1.97倍;在1223 K、SP≥20%条件下,因受活性位点制约,SP对反应影响较小。随温度升高,CO/CO₂体积产率比呈现出先减小后增大趋势;在1123 K和1173 K下,随SP升高,CO/CO₂的体积产率比值降低;在1223 K下,该值维持在1.25左右。采用缩核模型求取不同SP下总碳转化活化能(E_a)在71.29~76.78 kJ/mol范围内,H₂、CO₂和CO的生成活化能分别在95.44~101.82、83.56~89.35和70.41~74.86 kJ/mol之间。测试结果弥补了现有分析仪难以测定气化过程中气体产物生成特性和动力学的局限性。     

钙基吸附剂循环吸附性能对增强式生物质气化制氢的影响研究

钙基吸附剂循环CO₂吸附性能对增强式生物质气化连续高效制氢起重要作用。采用将CaO颗粒分散在惰性载体中的方法并结合挤压成型技术制备了合成吸附剂颗粒。为了筛选循环吸附性能较好的吸附剂，在热重分析仪上进行了循环吸附性能测试。基于热重测试结果开展了吸附剂循环利用条件下的增强式生物质气化制氢实验。结果表明：添加惰性载体能延缓CaO烧结，提高吸附剂的循环吸附能力；挤压成型过程会破坏吸附剂原有孔隙结构，导致吸附剂颗粒吸附性能不同程度降低，其中CaSi75p、CaAl75p和CaY75p三种吸附剂循环性能较好；添加以上三种吸附剂颗粒均可显著提高生物质气化合成气中H₂浓度及产率，5次循环过程中气体成分和产率变化不大，表明吸附剂循环吸附能力和稳定性较好。     

The study of reactions influencing the biomass steam gasification process☆

Steam gasification studies were carried out in an atmospheric fluidised bed. The gasifier was operated over a temperature range of 700-900 °C whilst varying a steam/biomass ratio from 0.4 to 0.85 w/w. Three types of forestry biomass were studied: Pinus pinaster (softwood), Eucalyptus globulus and holm-oak (hardwood). The energy conversion, gas composition, higher heating value and gas yields were determined and correlated with temperature, steam/biomass ratio, and species of biomass used. The results obtained seemed to suggest that the operating conditions were optimised for a gasification temperature around 830 °C and a steam/biomass ratio of 0.6-0.7 w/w, because a gas richer in hydrogen and poorer in hydrocarbons and tars was produced. These conditions also favoured greater energy and carbon conversions, as well the gas yield. The main objective of the present work was to determine what reactions were dominant within the operation limits of experimental parameters studied and what was the effect of biomass type on the gasification process. As biomass wastes usually have a problem of availability because of seasonal variations, this work analysed the possibility of replacing one biomass species by another, without altering the gas quality obtained.     

Gasification and co-gasification of biomass wastes: Effect of the biomass origin and the gasifier operating conditions

Air gasification of different biomass fuels, including forestry (pinus pinaster pruning) and agricultural (grapevine and olive tree pruning) wastes as well as industry wastes (sawdust and marc of grape), has been carried out in a circulating flow gasifier in order to evaluate the potential of using these types of biomass in the same equipment, thus providing higher operation flexibility and minimizing the effect of seasonal fuel supply variations. The potential of using biomass as an additional supporting fuel in coal fuelled power plants has also been evaluated through tests involving mixtures of biomass and coal–coke, the coke being a typical waste of oil companies. The effect of the main gasifier operating conditions, such as the relative biomass/air ratio and the reaction temperature, has been analysed to establish the conditions allowing higher gasification efficiency, carbon conversion and/or fuel constituents (CO, H₂ and CH₄) concentration and production. Results of the work encourage the combined use of the different biomass fuels without significant modifications in the installation, although agricultural wastes (grapevine and olive pruning) could to lead to more efficient gasification processes. These latter wastes appear as interesting fuels to generate a producer gas to be used in internal combustion engines or gas turbines (high gasification efficiency and gas yield), while sawdust could be a very adequate fuel to produce a H₂-rich gas (with interest for fuel cells) due to its highest reactivity. The influence of the reaction temperature on the gasification characteristics was not as significant as that of the biomass/air ratio, although the H₂ concentration increased with increasing temperature.     

Solid oxide fuel cells in combination with biomass gasification for electric power generation

Biomass, a source of renewable energy, represents an effective substitute to fossil fuels. Gasification is a process that organics are thermochemically converted into valuable gaseous products(e.g. biogas). In this work, the catalytic test demonstrated that the biogas produced from biomass gasification mainly consists of H_2,CH_4, CO,and CO_2, which were then be used as the fuel for solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). Planar SOFCs were fabricated and adopted. The steam reforming of biogas was carried out at the anode of a SOFC to obtain a hydrogen-rich fuel.The performance of the SOFCs operating on generated biogas was investigated by I–V polarization and electrochemical impedance spectra characterizations. An excellent cell performance was obtained, for example,the peak power density of the SOFC reached 1391 mW·cm~(-2) at 750℃ when the generated biogas was used as the fuel. Furthermore, the SOFC fuelled by simulated biogas delivered a very stable operation.     

甲烷及水蒸气对生物质催化气化合成气和焦油的影响

以松木木屑为生物质原料，在两段式反应器上进行甲烷、水蒸气对生物质催化气化影响的实验研究，考察了甲烷与生物质之比α、水碳比S/C对气体产率、碳转化率、焦油产率、焦油组分和露点温度影响的变化规律。结果表明：α从0增加到0.4，合成气中H₂的产率增加了57.4%，甲烷的加入有利于生成富含氢气的合成气；α为0.2时碳转化率最高，为86.9%，焦油产率下降了30.5%，第二、五类焦油的产率达到最低，可见适量CH₄的添加能促进焦油的转化，特别是大分子焦油和酚类的反应。随着S/C的提高，H₂产率升高，CO产率降低；S/C从1增加到1.5，各类焦油的含量均有所降低，当S/C进一步增加到2时，第二、五类焦油含量却有所上升，说明水蒸气可以促进焦油向气体分子转化的反应，但过量的水蒸气抑制酚类和大分子焦油的分解。总之，甲烷和水蒸气的适量添加均可以提高合成气中H₂的含量，降低焦油产率，提高合成气的品质，有利于气化产物的进一步利用。     

Treatment of biomass tar by CO2 plasma

The tar produced in the process of biomass gasification would not only corrode the pipelines and equipment, but also reduce the efficiency of biomass gasification. Traditional methods, such as physical treatment and thermal cracking, have deficiencies which severely restrict their application. This article achieved efficient transformation (carbon yield >90%) from benzene and naphthalene, regarded as model compounds of biomass tar, to syngas using CO₂ plasma on self-designed rotating arc plasma torch, proving the feasibility of CO₂ plasma treatment of biomass tar. Further analysis on the composition of practical biomass tar and the investigation of biomass tar gasification were carried out. Water content in biomass tar could be used as gasification agent and control the H₂/CO scale (0.3—1). The above results provide new ideas for the development of biomass tar harmlessness and resource utilization technology.     

二氧化碳等离子体处理生物质焦油

生物质气化过程中副产的焦油不仅有腐蚀设备、堵塞管道等危害，而且会降低生物质气化效率，传统的物理处理与热裂解处理方法存在诸多不足。本文基于旋转弧热等离子体反应装置，以二氧化碳作为等离子介质，选取苯及苯萘混合物作为生物质焦油的模型化合物进行了气化实验，实现了向合成气的高效转化（碳收率可达到90%以上），初步显示了该路线的可行性。进一步分析了真实生物质焦油的物质组成，考察了二氧化碳等离子体对焦油的气化性能，焦油内的水分可作为气化剂，调节合成气中H₂/CO的比例（0.3~1）。上述结果为生物质焦油无害化、资源化利用技术的发展提供了新的思路。     

不同反应器中氧化反应与水蒸气气化反应协同作用差异性

在?80mm×3000mm气流床和?40mm×200mm流化床中进行了O₂、H₂O、H₂O+O₂气氛下800℃胜利褐煤气化实验，同时在流化床中进行了O₂、H₂O、H₂O+O₂气氛下半焦原位气化实验和H₂O气氛下半焦完全气化实验。比较了2种反应器中氧化反应与水蒸气气化反应协同作用的大小（强弱）；结合实验条件利用缩核模型分别推导了2种反应器中协同作用影响下水蒸气气化反应速率方程；同时，从传质（扩散）速率、动力学、半焦-挥发分相互作用3方面探讨了2种反应器中协同作用存在显著差异的原因。结果发现，气流床中H₂O+O₂气氛下褐煤转化率明显大于H₂O和O₂单独气氛下褐煤转化率之和，其差值稳定在2.11%～4.01%，而在流化床中差值仅为0～0.75%，相对流化床，气流床中协同作用更明显。这是由于，在流化床中水蒸气向炭粒表面扩散的传质速率约为气流床的11%～25%，水蒸气气化过程受气膜扩散控制，炭粒表面水蒸气全部参与气化反应，炭粒表面无“多余”水分子，氧气开孔/扩孔作用提供的活性位“闲置”，而气流床中气化反应为速控步，炭粒表面有“富裕”水分子，可充分利用氧气开孔/扩孔作用提供的活性位，促进作用显著；挥发分-半焦相互作用不是流化床反应器中协同作用不显著的原因。     

面向二氧化碳捕集的过程强化技术进展

化石能源的大量燃烧在推进人类工业化进程的同时也使当今世界面临愈发严峻的气候变化和环境问题。为降低大气中日益增长的CO₂浓度并实现《巴黎协定》所设定的2℃目标，CO₂捕集技术得到了越来越广泛的关注和研究，其中部分技术已实现了小规模工业化。在持续推进节能减排的背景下，通过CO₂捕集对现有工业过程进行强化是CO₂捕集技术发展的一个新兴方向，如此不但可提高原有过程的效率和产品品质，还可大幅减少其碳排放，是具有应用前景的技术路线。本文从CO₂捕集的主流技术出发，介绍了面向CO₂捕集的过程强化技术，重点介绍CO₂捕集强化的蒸汽重整制氢过程、水气变换过程和生物质气化过程，以及耦合CO₂捕集的CO₂加氢过程、CH₄干重整过程和化学链燃烧过程，最后还对捕集后CO₂的利用与转化技术进行了简介。