燃烧室内三维温度场的辐射反问题

本文提出了一种在介质辐射特性已知的条件下,由壁面入射辐射热流的测量值反演燃烧室内三维温度场的方法。该方法是在辐射传递方程离散坐标近似的基础上,用求目标函数极小值的共轭梯度法进行反演计算。通过对吸收系数、散射不对称因子、反照率、壁面黑度和燃烧室大小尺寸等参数对反演精度影响的分析,结果表明,即使存在随机测量误差,这些参数对温度场反演精度的影响也不大,本文所提出的方法可较精确地反演燃烧室内三维温度场。     

蒙特卡洛法求二维矩形散射性介质内的辐射传递

引入辐射传递因子RDij的概念，由于该因子与温度的关系较小，因此可以将蒙特卡洛法模拟与温度场的迭代求解分开来进行。建立任意几何形状条件下蒙特卡洛法求解辐射传递因子的计算模型，并对二维矩形黑体及灰体壁面条件下的纯散射灰介质内辐射传递问题进行了模拟计算。其中，黑体壁面计算结果与文献[5,6]的结果吻合较好。另外，计算了二维矩形灰体壁面、灰体吸收散射性介质内的温度场及壁面热流分布，其结果可以供比较参考。     

柴油机缸内火焰辐射的新有效吸收系数模型

从零维区域法模型出发,得到了柴油机缸内辐射传热单区模型中壁面有效吸收系数新的计算式。试验结果比较表明：建立的新模型能更准确地计算缸壁所得的辐射热流量;壁面有效吸收系数是壁面黑度和火焰辐射系数的函数,并随壁面黑度的增大而增大,随火焰辐射系数的增大而减小。与新模型方法相比,传统方法的相对误差随壁面黑度的增大而减小,当壁面黑度为0．6时,最大相对误差达18．9%。     

内燃机三维散射性辐射换热的数值模拟

在内燃机工作过程通用模型的基础上,增加散射辐射换热模块,开发了一套用于内燃机工作过程的三维非结构网格辐射换热程序。假设燃烧产物为漫灰介质并且是各向同性散射的,基于非结构有限体积法(UFVM)研究了空间的各向同性散射辐射换热数值计算方法。选取中间有空心圆的半圆和菱形这两种典型的几何体进行辐射换热数值验证,数值计算结果与文献结果吻合较好。用此方法研究了TBD620型柴油机ω燃烧室的辐射换热,结果表明辐射对缸内平均压力和温度影响很小,当介质是各向同性散射时,散射反照率虽然对缸内平均压力和温度的影响较小,但改变了缸内工质温度的空间分布。     

段法模型在柴油机缸内辐射传热的应用

从段法基本概念出发,推得了柴油机缸内火焰段对整个缸壁段的辐射全交换面积计算式,并以此为基础给出了缸内辐射传热的单区段法模型。与实验结果比较表明,该模型能更准确地模拟缸内辐射传热量。将该模型与传统的单区模型比较,可得到壁面有效吸收系数的表达式,它是壁面黑度和火焰辐射系数的函数,并随壁面黑度的增大而增大,随火焰辐射系数的增大而减小。而传统的方法认为壁面有效吸收系数仅为壁面的黑度的函数。     

用蒙特卡洛法计算柴油机缸内多元热辐射

采用柴油机气缸内辐射传热多区（多维）模型,对ω型燃烧室空间和曲面作与辐射多区模型相适应的数学处理和网格划分,充分考虑了燃烧室复杂的几何形状及气缸内不均匀的物性参数辐射传热的影响,利用蒙特卡洛法计算燃烧室各壁面的辐射热分布,同时还对油滴散射对热辐射的影响作了有益探索,结果表明本所提供的模型和方法,可作为预测同类机型缸内热辐射研究的一种有效手段。     

双层水冷壁辐射废热锅炉受热面粒子磨损状况的数值预测

针对煤气化多联产中试系统中双层水冷壁辐射废热锅炉,通过模拟不同运行工况下废燃锅炉内合成煤气与灰渣颗粒的多相流动与传热,得到炉内灰渣颗粒的运行轨迹及其与壁面碰撞情况,进而采用Tabakoff的管壁磨损实验关系式计算了水冷壁壁面磨损量。结果表明:壁面磨损主要来自粒径小于50μm的灰渣颗粒,且随运行压力增加,磨损减小;主要磨损区域为内水冷壁合成煤气入口扩散区、外水冷壁上部废热锅炉出口区域,针对该类区域进行防磨处理可大大提高辐射废热锅炉运行的安全性。     

粒子辐射换热计算中散射相函数处理方法的探讨

对粒子散射相函数的各种处理方法进行了总结归纳,并以黑体平行大平壁均匀粒子介质层的辐射换热问题为研究对象,在辐射平衡条件下,对比研究了采用Mie散射理论和线性散射相函数近似处理粒子散射相函数时介质内的辐射热流及温度分布情况。辐射传递方程采用离散坐标法求解,并在求解过程中对散射相函数进行了重新归一化处理。研究表明,Mie散射相函数计算过程复杂费时,均匀粒子的Mie散射相函数随散射角强烈波动,这使辐射传递方程的求解更加困难;线性散射相函数近似简单易行,当所选线性系数基本符合Mie散射相函数前向或后向散射特征时,采用线性相函数近似可以大大简化计算,并可正确估算粒子介质内的辐射热流与温度分布情况,是一种较好的处理散射相函数的方法。     

高温气体辐射特性计算模型

高温气体辐射特性的准确计算在燃烧、红外探测等工程应用中有重要意义。对国内外气体辐射特性研究现状进行了介绍,分析了3类气体辐射特性计算方法的基本原理和主要特征,着重介绍了新发展起来的全光谱k分布(FSK)模型。列表归纳总结了各辐射特性计算模型的适用条件、计算精度及计算速度。计算了平行平板间水蒸气和二氧化碳混合气体层壁面热流,给出了各模型计算结果与逐线计算间的相对误差比较图。对不同情况下气体辐射特性计算方法的选择提出了建议,针对现有模型的缺陷对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

DRESOR法对含有边界的一维各向异性散射介质辐射传递方程的求解

通过DRESOR(d istribu tions of ratios of energy scattered or reflected)法求解一维黑体边界发射、介质各向异性散射的辐射传递问题,与理论解、辐射元法、蒙特卡洛方法和有限体积法的计算结果进行比较,验证了该方法计算的准确性;同时,对DRESOR法给出的高方向分辨率的辐射强度进行了分析。计算了带有漫反射边界介质具有吸收、发射、各向异性散射特性的辐射传递问题,对不同工况下的辐射强度和辐射热流进行了比较分析。     

The Combined Radiative Integral Equations and Finite-Element Method for Radiation in Anisotropic Scattering Media

A combined procedure of the radiative integral equation and finite-element method (IEFEM) is proposed for handling radiative heat transfer in linearly anisotropic scattering media. The IEFEM can eliminate the angular discretization and easily handle irregular geometries. The present work provides a solution of radiative transfer in rectangular and irregular quadrilateral enclosures containing participating media. The influences of emissivities, albedos, and anisotropy on the boundary fluxes or incident intensity have been analyzed. Compared with the results in published references, the present IEFEM has no limitation to geometry and can predict the radiative heat transfer in linearly anisotropic scattering media accurately.     

The properties and thermal effects of ash deposits in coal-fired furnaces

The physical and chemical character of fireside ash deposits depend on the processes by which deposits are formed and subsequent reactions within the deposit and with furnace gases. The properties influencing heat transfer, absorptivity for radiative transfer and thermal conductivity for conductive transfer are shown from many measurements to depend on this character.

The literature data for the properties are reviewed and are shown to depend principally on the physical ash character and whether the deposits have a particulate character or are sintered or fused. Bounds for the range of properties and expected variations with temperature and deposit porosity and other physical properties are suggested and compared with those for pure oxides and salts. For the radiative properties, theoretical predictions based on the optical properties are shown to predict trends with temperature and particle size for particulate ash and the observed transfer to higher emittance values for slags found at higher temperatures. The influence of the variation of these properties on radiative transfer is then quantified using mathematical models of furnaces.     

Modeling the radiation of anisotropically scattering media by coupling Mie theory with finite volume method

A new mathematical model and code for radiative heat transfer of particulate media with anisotropic scattering for 2-D rectangular enclosure is developed. The model is based on the coupling of (i) finite volume method for the solution of radiative transfer equation with (ii) Mie equations for the evaluation of scattering phase function. It has not been done before to the authors’ best knowledge. The predictions were compared against the only found results, published 15 years ago. For those results the S-N discrete ordinates method for the solution of radiative transfer equation and the Legendre polynomials expansions for the evaluation of scattering phase function were used. The agreement between the results is very good. The advantages of new model and code are in their straight forward application to any given particles parameters without the need for previously designed analytical expression for scattering phase function. In addition, that analytical expression, with generated expansion coefficients, is restricted and can be used only for that particular case of particle parameters. The new model was applied to the solid particles of several various coals and of an ash and the series of 2-D predictions are performed. The effects of particle size parameter and of scattering albedo on radiative heat flux and on incident radiation were analyzed. It was found that the model developed is reliable and very accurate and thus suitable for extension towards: (i) 3-D geometries, (ii) mixtures of non-gray gases with particles as well as for (iii) incorporation in computational fluid dynamics codes.     

Improved Finite Volume Method for Three-Dimensional Radiative Heat Transfer in Complex Enclosures Containing Homogenous and Inhomogeneous Participating Media

The paper presents a modified finite volume method for the solution of the radiative transport equation, which implements the FTn angular discretization along with the bounded high-resolution curved line advection method to alleviate ray effect and false scattering, respectively, and consequently improve the accuracy of the final results. Using the blocked-off-region procedure, the present formulation is capable of treating blockage effects caused by inner/outer obstructing bodies. The developed methodology based on the combination of the above methods is evaluated against five three-dimensional test cases considering either homogenous or inhomogeneous participating media. For all cases, the predictions reveal the mitigation of false scattering and ray effects consequently the improvement of accuracy, employing this model for solving radiation heat transfer in industrial applications. In industrial application, the radiative heat transfer problem is solved for a unity boiler furnace where an inhomogeneous medium is assumed. The effects of the scattering albedo, walls emissivity and walls temperature are investigated.     

Performance Evaluation of Two Heat Transfer Models of a Walking Beam Type Reheat Furnace

Two different heat transfer models for predicting the transient heat transfer characteristics of the slabs in a walking beam type reheat furnace are compared in this work. The prediction of heat flux on the slab surface and the temperature distribution inside the slab have been determined by considering thermal radiation in the furnace chamber and transient heat conduction in the slab. Both models have been compared for their accuracy and computational time. The furnace is modeled as an enclosure with a radiatively participating medium. In the first model, the three-dimensional (3D) transient heat conduction equation with a radiative heat flux boundary condition is solved using an in-house code. The radiative heat flux incident on the slab surface required in the boundary condition of the conduction code is calculated using the commercial software FLUENT. The second model uses entirely FLUENT along with a user-defined function, which has been developed to account for the movement of slabs. The results obtained from both models have a maximum temperature difference of 2.25%, whereas the computational time for the first model is 3 h and that for the second model is approximately 100 h.     

处理辐射传热的一个新热流数学模型

本文从处理辐射传热的基本理论出发，给出了一个包含与辐射发射随机方向性有关的比热流参数的新热流模型。该模型克服了原热流模型在理论简化上的缺陷，能够更好地反映炉内的实际情况。同时给出了用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ方法求解比热流参数的计算程序。最后用该模型求解了实验室用马弗炉内的温度分布，同时用原热流法对该高温炉的温度分布进行了计算，与实验结果相比较，新热流方程明显优于原热流方程。     

炉内辐射换热过程的有限体积法

简要分析了含吸收散射性介质的三维空腔内辐射传递方程的有限体积法求解过程,应用该方法对四角切圆炉膛内的辐射换热过程进行模拟计算,得出了炉膛内温度分布,并将计算结果与实测值进行了比较。通过数值计算表明：有限体积法计算速度快,对不规则边界适应性强,具有很高的工程可用性。     

Application of the Finite-Volume Method to Study the Effects of Baffles on Radiative Heat Transfer in Complex Enclosures

A finite-volume radiation model for participating gray media in 2-D and 3-D complex rectangular enclosures with obstacles is developed. The step and the bounded high-order resolution curved-line advection method (CLAM) schemes are examined. Using the blocked-off-region procedure, the present model is capable of predicting radiative heat transfer in enclosures with obstructions and baffles. In order to validate the formulations derived here a square cavity with one or three baffles and finned internal cylinder, then a three-dimensional complex heat recuperator of a pilot plant of biomass pyrolysis with obstructions and baffles, are studied. It should be pointed out that the developed code using the CLAM scheme is accurate and convenient for computational thermal calculations. For the considered heat recuperator, the presence of baffles enhances radiative heat flux and contributes to the increase of the mean medium temperature.     

Modeling the 3-D radiation of anisotropically scattering media by two different numerical methods

An original model and code for 3-D radiation of anisotropically scattering gray media is developed where radiative transfer equation (RTE) is solved by finite volume method (FVM) and scattering phase function (SPF) is defined by Mie Equations (ME). To the authors’ best knowledge this methodology was not developed before. Missing the benchmark, another new 3-D model and code, which solve the same problems, based on a combination of zone method (ZM) and Monte Carlo method (MC), as a solution of RTE, is developed. Here SPF is also calculated by Mie Equations. The conception ZM + MC is numerically expensive and is used and recommended only as a benchmark. The 3-D rectangular enclosure and the spherical geometry of particles are considered. The both models are applied: (i) to an isotropic and to four anisotropic scattering cases previously used in literature for 2-D cases and (ii) to solid particles of several various coals and of a fly ash. The agreement between the predictions obtained by these two different numerical methods for coals and ash is very good. The effects of scattering albedo and of wall reflectivity on the radiative heat flux are presented. It was found that the developed 3-D model, where FVM was coupled with ME, is reliable and accurate. The methodology is also suitable for extension towards: (i) mixture of non-gray gases with particles and (ii) incorporation in computational fluid dynamics.