冲击波动态传播特性对激光喷丸残余应力场的影响

以TC4钛合金为研究对象,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,分析了高应变率效应对激光喷丸过程中塑性波波速的影响。通过三维有限元方法模拟了不同作用参数激光喷丸诱导冲击波的传播过程,探讨了多次激光喷丸作用后残余压应力饱和现象的产生机理及利用该效应获得均匀表面残余压应力的方法。结果表明:高应变率效应对激光喷丸作用过程中塑性波速度有显著影响,塑性波的速度与所产生的塑性应变呈反比关系。功率密度越大,初始产生的塑性应变越大,塑性波速度越小,冲击波能量衰减越快,冲击波压力幅值降低越快;相同激光喷丸功率密度,随着作用次数的增加,产生的塑性应变逐渐减小,塑性波速度增大,冲击波压力衰减变缓,使激光喷丸诱导的残余压应力逐渐增大;作用次数达到3~4次时,衰减过程基本相似,诱导的残余压应力增幅不大,作用效果基本达到饱和。利用多次激光喷丸作用产生的饱和效应,当激光光斑搭接率超过50%时,即可使搭接区域作用次数达到3次及以上,使激光喷丸作用效果达到饱和,可获得均匀的表面残余压应力。     

Laser generation of stress waves in metal

Today surface treatments are very important in the mechanical industry to increase the fatigue life of metal components. In addition to classical treatments such as shot peening, a new process is being developed. The laser shock surface treatment permits the creation of plastic strains and induction of compressive residual stresses in metals. It consists in irradiating a metallic sample with a short but intense laser pulse. As a consequence a high temperature high pressure plasma is created at the sample surface. An elastic-plastic wave propagates in the sample, creating plastic strains. The present study deals with the effects of laser-induced stress waves on residual stresses, microhardness and surface quality of a standard steel (0.55% C). The residual stresses generated are compressive for a depth of up to 1 mm. With optimum conditions, we can produce homogeneous cover strips without surface deterioration.     

Efficient numerical prediction of residual stress and deformation for large-scale laser shock processing using the eigenstrain methodology

Laser shock processing (LSP) is an effective but costly process for inducing compressive residual stresses and deformation that are primarily applied in the aerospace industry. Accurate modeling of the LSP process with optimization is helpful to reduce development time and cost, but the simulation time is computationally expensive due to the long duration to capture the transient response of the material for each shock. In the present research, the eigenstrain modeling method is developed to predict the effect of large-scale LSP more efficiently compared with previous methods. In the developed eigenstrain-based method, residual stress and deformation fields are analyzed elastically using the simulated eigenstrain as initial strain, which is incorporated into the model by thermal expansion with a predefined unit temperature field and different anisotropic thermal expansion coefficients. For the large-scale LSP application, the eigenstrain in one representative cell identified through an explicit analysis is proposed as an approximation of the actual full eigenstrain field for efficient prediction. The predictions are verified by the predicted results from the explicit/implicit method for laser peening (LP) and the pure explicit method for laser peen forming (LPF) and are also validated by the experimental results of a single LP surface treatment of Ti6Al4V and a LPF bending of 1060 pure aluminum plates. Compared with the previous methods, the eigenstrain modeling method is proved to be effective and much more computationally efficient.     

激光喷丸参数对7075铝合金残余应力分布影响规律的数值分析

为了研究不同激光喷丸参数对残余应力分布的影响规律,较快获取期望的残余应力分布,通过利用有限元软件ABAQUS对激光喷丸过程进行数值模拟,完成了7075航空铝合金靶材在不同冲击波峰值压力、冲击次数、光斑大小及搭接率等工艺参数下的数值模拟。模拟结果表明:随着峰值压力的增加,材料表面残余压应力也增加,当峰值压力增大到一定值时,材料表面残余压应力达到最大;当峰值压力一定时,材料表面及内部残余压应力随光斑大小及冲击次数的增加而增加;随着光斑搭接率的增加,材料表面残余压应力增大,且随着搭接率的增加,表面残余压应力的波动逐渐减小。     

基于Python的Abaqus二次开发在高温合金GH3039激光冲击强化中的应用

目的 提高高温合金GH3039激光冲击强化仿真建模的效率。方法 利用Python脚本语言对Abaqus进行二次开发,利用插件对高温合金GH3039激光冲击强化过程进行仿真分析。采用侧倾固定Ψ法,通过实验测量激光冲击强化后的残余应力,并对仿真结果进行验证,分析不同激光工艺参数作用下高温合金GH3039表面和深度方向残余应力的分布规律。结果 仿真插件界面简洁,操作性强,结果准确。在其他参数不变的情况下,残余压应力受到光斑尺寸的影响较大。相较于光斑直径为4、2 mm,在光斑直径为6 mm时,其中心位置残余压应力分别提高了4.3%、53%。随着光斑尺寸的增大,表面残余压应力增大,且变化梯度减小,深度方向的残余压应力增大。随着激光能量的增加,表面残余压应力增大,且变化梯度增大,残余压应力峰值位于中心区域附近,在激光能量为6、7、8 J时,残余压应力层的平均厚度分别为0.55、0.67、0.82 mm,深度方向残余压应力层增厚。随着冲击次数的增加,冲击区域表面残余压应力平均值高于单次冲击,且波动梯度增大,冲击1、2、3次后残余压应力层的平均厚度分别为0.55、0.71、0.85 mm,深度方向残余压应力层深度增大。结论 利用Python脚本语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发,提高了仿真建模的效率,可为快速预测不同激光工艺参数下高温合金GH3039残余应力的分布规律提供参考。     

空化水喷丸诱导45钢残余应力场的数值模拟与验证

空化水喷丸工艺是利用淹没式空化射流中微小空泡在材料表面溃灭时产生的冲击波压力,用该压力来诱导金属零部件的表面形成压缩残余应力层,进而提高其疲劳寿命。本文依据空化水喷丸强化45钢的试验,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立非线性无弹性模型中的双线性各向同性模型,模拟了空化水喷丸工艺过程中冲击波压力和材料相互作用的动力学过程,以及形成在表层的压缩残余应力场分布规律,讨论了本构关系、网格划分、载荷大小、加载历史等关键问题。采用不同峰值载荷的冲击波压力和多冲击波连续加载的方法,实现了对残余应力场分布的预测。利用微小部残余应力测定装置(PSPC/MICRO)对上述工艺条件诱导残余应力的大小进行测定,数值模拟的结果和X射线衍射法测得的残余应力大小和分布吻合较好。     

温度辅助的激光冲击技术研究进展

温度辅助的激光冲击技术是在激光冲击技术上发展而来的结合热力耦合效应的高能率加工和表面处理技术。在介绍温度辅助的激光冲击技术原理和特点的基础上,分析了激光冲击波的压力模型及时空分布特性、温热及高应变率下材料的本构模型,重点介绍了利用温度辅助的激光冲击效应的两项技术——温度辅助激光微成形和激光温喷丸强化。温度辅助激光微成形技术作为一种新颖的高能率微细加工技术,其在温热条件下利用脉冲激光诱导的冲击波压力使金属箔板塑性成形微结构件,可使激光冲击微拉深件的塑性变形均匀性得到显著改善,成形高度较室温下得到进一步提升。激光温喷丸强化技术作为新形材料表面处理工艺,结合了热力耦合效应在应力强化和组织强化方面的诸多优势,能够获得比常温激光冲击强化技术更稳定的残余压应力分布,有效提高材料的耐热腐蚀性和疲劳性能。综述了温度辅助激光微成形和激光温喷丸强化技术的研究现状,指出了当前在温度辅助的激光冲击技术研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究做了展望。     

Ti2AlNb金属间化合物喷丸强化残余应力模拟分析与疲劳寿命预测

目的 研究经喷丸强化处理后Ti2AlNb材料表层残余应力的分布特征,并预测残余应力对材料疲劳性能的影响规律。方法 通过贴应变片逐层钻孔法,对使用喷丸强化处理后的Ti2AlNb试样进行残余应力测试分析,得到引入残余应力场各方面的测试数据,结合ABAQUS数值模拟方式,对比分析试验与模拟残余应力场结果,获取材料的最终残余应力梯度。利用FE-SAFE软件,通过叠加残余应力场的方式,预测喷丸强化前后试样的疲劳寿命。结果 在文中加工参数下,实验测试和软件模拟结果的重合度良好。喷丸强化可在Ti2AlNb金属间化合物靶材内引入300 MPa左右的最大残余压应力,深度达到了0.12 mm左右。材料表面塑性应变分布不均匀,且造成的塑性应变距表面深度可达0.1 mm。通过喷丸强化引入残余压应力,预测的Ti2AlNb材料疲劳极限可提高12%,高低周疲劳寿命均有明显的延寿效果。结论 验证了有限元数值模拟此材料喷丸强化的准确性和可靠性,得到了Ti2AlNb材料喷丸强化的残余应力场。由于塑性变形诱发机制的限制,喷丸造成塑性应变分布不均匀,塑性应变层深小于残余压应力层深。此外,强化后材料的疲劳性能显著提高,疲劳极限有可观的提升,且高低周疲劳均有较好的延寿效果。     

A 3D FE model with plastic shot for evaluation of equi-biaxial peening residual stress due to multi-impacts

A 3D multi-impact finite element (FE) model for evaluation of peening residual stress is presented. Combined peening factors by Kim et al. are applied to the 3D symmetry-cell originally contrived by Meguid et al. To describe the feature of multi-impacts, concepts such as FE peening coverage, impact sequence and cycle-repetition are introduced. We successfully extracted the equi-biaxial stress from the simulations of diverse single-cycle and multi-cycle impacts. At four impact locations of FE symmetry-cell, surface and maximum residual stresses converge to equi-biaxial stress, and convergence improves with the number of repetitions of cycle. Impact velocity needed for comparing the FE solution with the XRD result is determined from the Almen arc height and coverage. It is further found that the simulation set with plastic shot produces residual stress consistent with the experimental XRD result.     

激光冲击选区强化对2024铝合金叶片振动响应特性的影响

目的 探究激光冲击强化技术对2024铝合金叶片振动性能的影响,并探寻最理想的冲击参数.方法 运用Johnson-Cook动态塑性本构模型模拟激光冲击选区强化过程,对强化后的2024航空铝合金叶片的振动特性进行分析.将2024铝合金在激光冲击强化过程中产生的残余应力场和梯度密度分布导入模型,量化激光冲击强化对2024铝合...     

激光冲击处理对焊接接头力学性能的影响(Ⅰ)

当短脉冲、高峰值功率密度 (>10 13 W /m2 )的激光辐射金属靶材时 ,就产生高温、高压等离子体 ,该等离子体受到约束层的约束时产生高强度应力波冲击金属表面并向内部传播 ,在材料表面产生应变硬化 ,称这种表面强化技术为激光冲击处理或激光喷丸。激光冲击处理可以提高材料表层硬度、强度 ,并获得比传统的喷丸技术更深的硬化层或残余压应力层 ,从而更有利于材料疲劳性能的提高 ,为研究激光冲击处理在焊后强化方面的应用 ,本文对 1.6 6mm厚的镍基高温合金GH30、1.2mm厚的奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti板材焊缝进行了激光冲击处理 ,对比了激光冲击处理试件和未经激光冲击处理试件焊逢的表层显微硬度、残余应力、抗拉强度和疲劳寿命 ,发现激光冲击处理能提高GH30氩弧焊焊接接头抗拉强度 12 % ,提高 1Cr18Ni9Ti等离子焊接接头疲劳寿命30 0 %以上。     

基于空气中冲击波信号能量的激光冲击强化在线检测方法

目的 为克服激光冲击强化现有离线检测方法的缺点,提出了一种基于空气中冲击波信号能量的激光冲击强化在线检测方法。方法 利用波长为1064 nm、脉宽为14 ns、单脉冲能量为5~7 J的Nd:YAG激光器对经过振动时效处理的TC16钛合金试件进行激光冲击强化处理。用自主研制的信号放大器对空气中的冲击波信号进行一级放大后,再经前置放大器、数据采集卡传输到计算机控制系统,从而实现对空气中冲击波信号的采样、存储、滤波和数据分析,并从中提取冲击波信号能量。用X-350A型X射线应力测定仪测量TC16钛合金试件经激光冲击强化处理后的表面残余应力。最后对所得实验数据进行多项式拟合,以获得材料表面残余压应力与冲击波信号能量之间的经验公式。结果 经激光冲击强化处理后,材料表面形成了一定大小的残余压应力。随着激光能量的增加,材料表面残余压应力及冲击波信号能量均增加,且二者的增加趋势一致。结论 在激光冲击强化过程中,对空气中传播的冲击波信号进行采集和提取其信号能量,可以预测试件经激光冲击强化处理后的残余应力,能够准确判断激光冲击强化质量,从而实现工业过程的在线检测。     

Investigation on the non-homogeneity of residual stress field induced by laser shock peening

Laser shock peening can impart compressive residual stresses in the target material, which is an innovative surface treatment technique similar to shot peening. But when laser intensity exceeds a threshold, the lower residual stress at the center of the laser shocked zone compared to those away from the center will be induced. This phenomenon is closely related to the rapid and complex response of target material during the treatment. A complete numerical model, as an effective way to investigate the shock-solid interaction, is conducted to simulate the process and is experimentally validated by the surface deformation of target material subjected to multiple impacts. Dynamic responses of target material including surface displacements, stresses and strains, are analyzed in detail based on the model. The residual stress drop at the center is found to be induced by the reverse plastic loading due to the boundary effect of laser shock. And adopting square laser spots should attenuate the simultaneous focalization of release waves and decrease the residual stress drop.     

前混合水射流喷丸残余应力的数值模拟

金属材料的疲劳破坏已经成为制约金属零件使用寿命的主要因素,用水射流喷丸来改变金属材料表面的残余应力以提高金属零部件的疲劳寿命已成为最有效的方法。本文根据有限元理论,运用动力显式算法建立有限元模型,将喷丸过程简化为弹丸撞击靶体的模型,利用ANSYS／LS—DY—NA软件进行了数值模拟。结果表明：研究靶体的残余应力分布情况能得出最大残余压应力的值及位置,能得出残余应力场的分布和残余应力场深度;研究靶体的应变能够得出靶体表面的变形和表面Y应变的分布。     

An analytical approach to relate shot peening parameters to Almen intensity

Shot peening is widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries to improve the fatigue strength of metal components by introducing near-surface plastic strains and compressive residual stresses. This mechanical treatment is primarily controlled by monitoring Almen (peening) intensity, which corresponds to the arc height at saturation of standardized test strips exposed to the shot stream. However, the same Almen intensity may be obtained by using small shots impacting the surface at high velocity or by using large shots impacting the surface at low velocity. This paper describes a model for predicting Almen intensity based on an analytical model for shot peening residual stresses. Theoretical results for different sets of peening parameters were consistent with published experimental results and revealed that although different combinations of shot peening parameters can produce the same Almen intensity, each combination resulted in a different through thickness residual stress distribution.     

Effect of particle impact on residual stress development in HVOF sprayed coatings

The application of thick high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) coatings on metallic parts has been widely accepted as a solution to improve their wear properties. The adherence of these coatings to the substrate is strongly influenced by the residual stresses generated during the coating deposition process. In an HVOF spraying process, due to the relatively low processing temperature, significant peening stresses are generated during impact of molten and semimolten particles on the substrate. At present, finite-element (FE) models of residual stress generation for the HVOF process are not available due to the increased complexities in modeling the stresses generated due to the particle impact. In this work, an explicit FE analysis is carried out to study the effect of molten particle impingement using deposition of an HVOF sprayed copper coating on a copper substrate as an example system. The results from the analysis are subsequently used in a thermomechanical FE model to allow the development of the residual stresses in these coatings to be modeled. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Residual stresses in high-velocity oxy-fuel thermally sprayed coatings – Modelling the effect of particle velocity and temperature during the spraying process

The application of thick thermally sprayed coatings on metallic parts has been widely accepted as a solution to improve their corrosion and wear resistance. Key attributes of these coatings, such as adherence to the substrate, are strongly influenced by the residual stresses generated during the coating deposition process. In high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, due to the relatively low temperature of the particle, significant peening stresses are generated during the impact of molten and semi-molten particles on the substrate. Whilst models exist for residual stress generation in plasma-based thermal spray processes, finite element (FE) prediction of residual stress generation for the HVOF process has not been possible due to the increased complexities associated with modelling the particle impact. A hybrid non-linear explicit–implicit FE methodology is developed here to study the thermomechanical processes associated with particle impingement and layer deposition. Attention is focused on the prediction of residual stresses for an SS 316 HVOF sprayed coating on an SS 316 substrate.     

A novel approach for modelling of water jet peening

In this paper, a novel approach, proposed for predicting residual stresses induced on materials treated with high pressure water jets, i.e. water jet peening, is presented. This approach considers the impact pressure distribution due to high velocity droplets impinging on the material surface instead of stationary pressure distribution considered in Trans ASME J Eng Mat Technol 121 (1999) 336 for prediction of residual stresses on water jet peened surfaces. It makes use of Reichardt’s theory for predicting the velocity distribution of droplets and liquid impact theory for predicting the impact pressure and duration of impact of high velocity droplets. For predicting residual stresses on the surface and sub surface of material subjected to water jet peening, finite element modelling approach was adopted by considering the transient, dynamic nature of droplets for analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was demonstrated by comparing the predicted residual stresses with those predicted employing the approach proposed in Trans ASME J Eng Mat Technol 121 (1999) 336. Finally, the practical relevance of the proposed approach was shown by comparing the predicted results with the experimental results obtained by water peening of 6063-T6 aluminium alloy.     

Modelling of multiple impacts for the prediction of distortions and residual stresses induced by ultrasonic shot peening (USP)

During a manufacturing process, the ultrasonic shot peening (USP) technique can be used as the final surface treatment. The aim of this operation is to introduce surface compressive residual stresses in order to prevent crack propagation advancement. Although the numerical simulation method is able to predict the level of residual stresses in a peened part, the 3D modelling of the real USP process, in which many successive and shifted impacts take place, is very delicate to perform and costly in terms of computing time and memory space required. In this paper, a two step method based at first on the calculation of the averaged plastic strain tensor in a half-space by using a semi-analytical method and in a second time on the transfer of this plastic strain field to a finite element model is proposed in order to simulate the effects of the USP process in thin structures. The accuracy and advantages of the semi-analytical method are validated by a benchmark with several finite element codes. Experiments, similar to the Almen test, are performed on thin plates of Inconel 600. Numerical results in terms of distortions and residual stresses are compared with the experimental data.     

Determination of the profile of the complete residual stress tensor in a VPPA weld using the multi-axial contour method

The multi-axial contour method is a recent development of the contour method of stress measurement. It permits measurement of the 3D residual stress distribution in a body, based on the assumption that the residual stresses are due to an inelastic misfit strain (eigenstrain) that does not change when a sample containing residual stresses is sectioned. The eigenstrain is derived from measured displacements due to residual stress relaxation when the specimen is sectioned. By carrying out multiple cuts, the full residual stress tensor in a continuously processed body can be determined, where the specimen has an initial length-to-width aspect ratio of 2:1. In the present study, first a finite element simulation of the technique was carried out to verify the method numerically. The method was then used to determine the residual stresses in a VPPA-welded sample, and the results were validated by neutron diffraction measurements.