球铁卡块铸件质量控制的工艺研究

针对球铁卡决铸件伸长率低的情况,在分析其结构和凝固过程特点的基础上,结合实际生产条件,采用均衡凝固理论设计浇冒口,通过强化补缩消除了缩松缺陷,使微观组织致密;采用瞬时孕育工艺等措施,使石墨明显细化,铁素体含量提高,铸件本体的力学性能明显得到改善,达到了QT450-10的要求,伸长率甚至达到15％。     

Study of shrinkage porosity in spheroidal graphite cast iron

This study aims at identifying the relationship between the shrinkage cavities and the solidification structure in spheroidal graphite cast iron. Cast samples specially designed to contain shrinkage cavities were used. The solidification macrostructure was revealed using the Direct Austempering After Solidification method, while the solidification microstructure was revealed by using colour etching. At the midsection of the pieces, the shrinkage cavities and the solidification structure were observed jointly. The study showed that the classification of shrinkage porosity found in literature does not correspond to the ductile iron solidification model recognized by most of the scientific community. Early solidification models, and therefore shrinkage formation mechanisms, were proposed in instances when there was not a thorough knowledge of the morphology of the solid phases during solidification. Nowadays, defects formation mechanisms can be described with higher accuracy. Therefore, an updated classification of shrinkage porosity for spheroidal graphite iron is proposed.     

Precipitation and evolution of nodular graphite during solidification process of ductile iron

The quantity and morphology of spheroidal graphite have an important effect on the properties of ductile iron,and the characteristics of spheroidal graphite are determined by the solidification process.The aim of this work is to explore the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules in hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons by thermal analysis,liquid quenching and metallographic technique.Results show that hypoeutectic ductile iron has the longest solidification time and the lowest eutectic temperature;eutectic ductile iron has the shortest solidification time;hypereutectic ductile iron has the highest eutectic temperature.After solidification is completed,hypoeutectic ductile iron has the lowest nodule count,nodularity and graphite fraction;eutectic ductile iron has the highest nodule count,nodularity and the smallest nodule diameter;hypereutectic has the highest nodule diameter and graphite fraction.The nucleation and growth of graphite nodules in hypereutectic ductile iron starts before bulk eutectic crystallization stage,however,the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules of hypoeutectic and eutectic ductile irons mainly occur in the eutectic crystallization stage.The graphite precipitated in eutectic crystallization of hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons,are 61%,68% and 43% of total graphite volume fraction,respectively.Simultaneously,there are plenty of austenite dendrites in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic ductile irons,which are prone to shrinkage defects.Therefore,the eutectic ductile iron has the smallest shrinkage tendency.     

La、Ce对球铁球化率、白口和缩松倾向的影响

能否抑制碳化物形成与球化剂和孕育剂的成核性能相关。成核性能可以理解为由于加入变质剂而形成的核心数量以及核心的效力。球化剂和孕育剂的加入也会影响球铁凝固时的缩松倾向。一些球化剂和孕育剂能较好地防止缩松，而有些球化剂和孕育剂则促进缩松的形成。已经发现，使用不同的稀土元素对这种情况有明显影响。与使用含铈或含混合稀土的球化剂相比，使用加有纯镧的硅铁镁合金作为包内处理球化剂时，球铁的工艺性能得到令人惊奇的改善。成核性能明显改善，因而采用三明治法和盖包法进行球化处理时的白口和缩松倾向减小。     

有关球铁铸件缩孔缩松形成及预防的文献综述

综述评述有关球墨铸铁凝固特性、凝固过程体积变化和缩孔、缩松形成机理的文献资料。笔者还结合本人的工作实践就缩孔、缩松的预防提出了看法。     

A new method for chill and shrinkage control in ladle treated ductile iron

P revious investigations have shown that rare earth metals (REM) such as cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) can either have a beneficial or a detrimental effect on the microstructure and properties of ductile iron, depending on the casting conditions. For example, small additions of REM are frequently used to restore the graphite nodule count and nodularity in ductile irons containing subversive elements such as Sb, Pb, Ti etc [1-3]. On the other hand, rare …     

Effect of alloying elements on austempered ductile iron(ADI) properties and its process:Review

Austempered ductile iron(ADI) parts have a unique combination of high strength and toughness with excellent design flexibility and low cost. These excellent properties are directly related to its microstructure called "ausferrite" that is the result of austempering heat treatment applied to ductile irons. Alloying elements increase ADI austemperability and change speeds of austempering reactions. Thus, they can affect ADI resultant microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, the effects of alloying elements on ADI mechanical properties, microstructural changes, two-stage austempering reactions, processing windows, austemperability, and other aspects are reviewed.     

充型散热对缩孔缩松缺陷预测的影响

充型过程所伴随的热量传播交换与散失,导致铸件凝固过程初始温度场分布的不均匀性,进而影响缩孔缩松缺陷的形成。为了更加准确地预测缩孔缩松的位置与大小,凝固模拟应建立在充型过程传热计算的基础上。用实例说明充型散热对缩孔缩松缺陷的影响。     

运用均衡凝固理论解决燃气轮机壳体铸件的缩孔和缩松缺陷

燃气轮机壳体是厚大断面球墨铸铁件,壁厚在80~200mm之间,在生产过程中非常容易出现缩孔和缩松缺陷,运用均衡凝固理论进行工艺改进,充分利用厚壁球铁件的自补缩功能,消除了铸件的缩孔和缩松缺陷,生产验证表明均衡凝固技术作为工艺设计理论和方法,对生产高品质的铸件有普遍意义。     

Shrinkage evaluation in ductile iron as influenced by mould media and inoculant type

Abstract

The present work was undertaken in hypereutectic ductile irons, to simultaneously study cooling curves, specimen contraction curves, microstructures and shrinkage tendencies as a function of inoculant selection and mould rigidity. Specific equipment was developed for simultaneous recording of cooling and contraction curves. The highest level of both concentrated and total shrinkage was recorded on the green sand mould system, where a much higher level of the initial eutectic expansion was observed, as compared to furan resin moulds. It was found that the Ca,Ce,S,O–FeSi inoculation gives the highest nodule count and a unique wide distribution of nodules sizes (large and small size nodules, in a peculiar ratio), as well as lower tendency to shrinkage formation. Also, the strongest graphitising effect before the start of eutectic solidification and more prolonged graphitising throughout the end of eutectic freezing characterise were observed with this complex inoculant system in addition to its peculiar action on minimising the shrinkage tendency of ductile irons.     

低压铸造铝合金发动机缸盖气体泄漏的原因分析

针对低压铸造生产的铝合金发动机缸盖在气密性检测中发现的泄漏问题,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱等手段研究了泄漏部位的组织与缺陷,并与相应的正常位置显微组织进行了对比分析。结果表明,枝晶间显微缩孔是导致缸盖泄漏的主要原因;而氧化夹杂物和异常生长的块状Si相增大了缸盖铸件在凝固过程中缩孔产生的倾向。     

数值模拟在消除球墨铸铁轮毂缩孔中的应用

采用华铸CAE软件对球墨铸铁轮毂的凝固过程进行了模拟。通过模拟优化了铸造工艺，成功地消除了轮毂铸造过程中产生的缩孔、缩松缺陷。模拟结果与实际生产情况符合较好。结果表明：计算机模拟能为工艺方案的评价和改进提供有效的参考依据。     

Solidification behavior of water-cooled and subzero-chilled cast iron on mechanical properties

Hypoeutectic cast iron specimens cast using chills that are water-cooled and liquid-nitrogen-cooled (subzero chilling) were compared with specimens of the same chemical composition, which were sand-cast without any chill. The solidification behavior, number of eutectic cells, grain size, and effects of these on the mechanical properties such as strength and fracture toughness were recorded and analyzed in this paper. It is revealed from the above investigation that subzero and water-cooled chilled cast irons exhibit severe under cooling as compared to that of normal sand-cast iron. Thus, it is concluded from the investigation that nucleation conditions are completely altered during solidification, which is considered to be responsible for the variation in eutectic cell size, grain size, microstructure, and hence mechanical properties of the cast iron.     

Influence of austenitising conditions and aluminium content on microstructure and properties of ductile irons

The microstructure and mechanical properties of ductile irons after casting are dependent on the heat treatment conditions. The shape, size, morphology and distribution of phases are related to the heat treatment variables. An attempt was made to determine the optimum treatment conditions. The objectives of this investigation were to study the influence of austenitising temperature and time and aluminium content on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Austenitising was carried out at different temperatures and holding times for a variety of experimental irons to achieve sufficient homogeneity for further isothermal heat treatment. Microscopic observation, hardness and electron-probe micro analysis (EPMA) were used to follow the phase transformation.     

行波磁场耦合顺序凝固改善ZL205A大型薄壁件缺陷及性能

利用行波磁场耦合顺序凝固连续地处理大型薄壁ZL205A合金铸件,消除收缩缺陷,提高力学性能。实验结合模拟,针对行波磁场参数优化对补缩行为、显微组织和性能的影响进行系统的研究。结果表明,本研究条件下,当励磁电流为20 A、频率为200 Hz时,磁场力达到最大值;磁场力随着到磁场发生器距离越近而越大,更有利于对薄壁铸件进行处理。行波磁场可以有效破碎二次枝晶臂和枝晶间的搭接,拓宽补缩通道,延长补缩时间,优化补缩路径,最终消除收缩缺陷并提高力学性能。当励磁电流为20 A时,铸态合金极限抗拉强度、伸长率和显微硬度分别由186 MPa、7.3%和82.1 kg/mm²提高至221 MPa、11.7%和100.5 kg/mm²,孔隙率由1.71%降至0.22%,断裂模式由脆性转变为韧性断裂。     

Influence of cooling rate and antimony addition content on graphite morphology and mechanical properties of a ductile iron

Cooling rate and inoculation practice can greatly affect the graphite morphology of ductile irons.In the present research,the effects of the cooling rate and antimony addition on the graphite morpholog...     

挤压铸造ZA27合金大高径比铸件

通常挤压铸造仅适用于高径比小于3.5的铸件,研究大高径比铸件的挤压铸造将扩大这种先进铸造技术的应用范围.用试验和计算机模拟的方法,研究了高径比为7的ZA27合金铸件的力学性能、凝固过程中铸件内的温度、压力以及缩松的分布.结果表明,增加挤压铸造的压力不能有效地减少大高径比铸件的缩松缺陷;合理控制浇注温度和铸型预热温度能有效地消除大高径比铸件内的缩松,获得力学性能高且均匀的铸件.     

Modeling of alloy casting solidification

Alloy casting solidification processes involve many physical phenomena such as chemistry variation, phase transformation, heat transfer, fluid flow, microstructure evolution, and mechanical stress.1 Simulation technologies are applied extensively in casting industries to understand the effects of these phenomena on the formation of defects and on the final mechanical properties of the castings. As of today, defect prediction is still one of the main purposes for casting solidification simulation. In this paper, we will first present the commonly used microstructure simulation methods, then discuss the predictions of the major defects of a casting, such as porosity, hot tearing, and macrosegregation. The modeling of casting solidification can be chained with later stages of heat treatment such that the resultant microstructure, defects, and mechanical state will be used as the initial conditions of the subsequent processes, ensuring the tracking of the component history and maintaining a high level of accuracy across metallurgical stages.     

铝合金铸件中的凝固缺陷形成机理及预测

孔洞与热裂是铸件在凝固过程中最常遇到的典型缺陷。两者均形成于合金凝固末期,与液相补缩不足相关,但又有各自的形成机理。铝合金熔体对氢气有很大的溶解度,凝固过程中又因为溶解度的剧降而析出。孔洞是液相中过饱和的气体压力与凝固收缩引起的压力降共同作用的结果。热裂则是在凝固末期由于铸件收缩受阻而产生的应力以及液相补缩不足而导致的,其不仅与合金性质、铸造条件有关,并且受铸件形状的影响。文章基于近年来该方面的理论研究成果,总结了关于孔洞与热裂的形成机理以及几种目前所应用的经典预测模型,并对这几种模型的理论基础以及所考虑的关键参数进行了分析与讨论,在此基础上提出了未来新模型的研究方向和亟需解决的关键问题。     

船用柴油机活塞铸造顺序凝固工艺设计及数值模拟

在生产壁厚变化较大的复杂球墨铸铁零件中,仅依靠球墨膨胀难以消除铸件缩孔、缩松等缺陷。通过数值模拟,分析了某船用柴油机活塞铸造缩孔、缩松产生的成因。采用阶梯流道、冷铁及冒口布置建立了顺序凝固方案,并通过数值模拟及试验方法进行验证。结果证明,通过顺序凝固方案能够消除活塞缩孔、缩松缺陷。