铜冶炼高砷烟尘砷浸出热力学分析及浸出特性

以砷存在形态为PbAs2O6、Pb2As2O7、(Fe,Zn)3(AsO4)2·8H2O和As2O3的铜冶炼高砷烟尘为研究对象,用热力学方法分析其特征砷化合物的溶解行为,并进行浸出实验及X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,进而揭示高砷烟尘中含砷物相的浸出机理.结果表明,在反应温度为25℃,浸出时间为30 min,液固质量比为5:1,硫酸质量浓度为20％以及搅拌速度为300 r/min的浸出条件下,As浸出率达95％;浸出过程中,PbAs2O6、Pb2As2O7、Zn3(AsO4)2·8H2O和As2 O3发生溶解,同时有PbSO4沉淀生成.高砷烟尘中含砷物相的有效溶解,为后序液相脱砷以及有价金属和贵金属的回收创造了有利条件.     

磁性羟基磷灰石的晶体结构分析

以FeCl3·6H2O,FeCl2·4H2O为原料,通过水热法制备磁性四氧化三铁粒子.并以合成的磁性四氧化三铁粒子,Na3PO4 ·12H2O和Ca(NO3)2 ·4H2O为原料,在80 ℃恒温水浴条件下,采用共沉淀法制备磁性羟基磷灰石.通过X射线衍射(XRD),红外(FTIR)对制备样品的结构和化学组成进行表征,并用Materials Studio 4.0(MS)模拟软件,对制备的样品进行结构分析.结果表明,四氧化三铁取代羟基磷灰石中平行于c轴的OH进入羟基磷灰石晶格中,从而引起羟基磷灰石 (210)和(212)晶面发生变化,但所得的样品具备羟基磷灰石的晶体结构特征和化学组成.     

微波辅助合成羟基磷灰石研究

羟基磷灰石由于具有良好的生物相容性和生物活性而应用广泛.本文分别以Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、(NH4)2 HPO4·3H2O为Ca源和P源,采用微波辅助加热的方式合成羟基磷灰石.使用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对获得的产物进行了表征.分别研究了微波反应时间、反应功率和原料Ca/P比对合成羟基磷灰石形貌和结晶度的影响.结果表明,不同条件下,产物的形貌与结晶度均有不同.当合成时间为5 min,微波功率为400W,Ca/P比为2.0时,产物为具有结晶良好的羟基磷灰石.     

硅掺杂羟基磷灰石包覆镁合金的微波制备

以Ca(NO_3)_2·4H-_2O为钙源、Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O为磷源、Na_2SiO_3为硅源,采用微波液相化学法在镁合金表面制备了硅掺杂羟基磷灰石双层涂层。涂层表层为絮状晶体,底层为长片状晶体,涂层的厚度约为9.9μm。研究了微波溶液中Na_2SiO_3添加量和微波溶液的pH值对硅掺杂羟基磷灰石涂层的结构和性能的影响。结果表明,与羟基磷灰石相比,硅掺杂羟基磷灰石涂层提高了对镁合金的保护作用,促进了成骨细胞的增殖和分化。     

纳米羟基磷灰石的超声波辅助水热合成及其表征

以CaCO3和Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O[钙磷比n(Ca)/n(P)=1.67]的混合物为前驱体,在超声波辅助下,水热法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP)。利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、傅里叶红外吸收光谱仪对其进行了表征。分析了pH值、反应温度、水热合成时间以及超声波频率等对羟基磷灰石纳米晶体结构和形貌的影响。结果表明,随着水热合成温度的提高、时间的延长,有利于n-HAP晶体发育完整;提高前驱物pH值可以显著促使产物粒径变小,当水热合成温度为200°C,反应时间8 h,pH=11时,n-HAP为横向尺寸在40~50 nm的六方柱状晶体。红外谱图分析表明,有少量的CO32-进入n-HAP晶体,此种方法制备的羟基磷灰石在结晶形态、组成、结构上更与人骨接近,更适合作为生物医学材料。     

溶胶-凝胶法CaO-P2O5-SiO2系生物玻璃的制备及机理探讨

以正硅酸乙酯[Si(OC2H5)4]、四水硝酸钙[Ca(NO3)2*4H2O]等作为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备CaO-P2O5-SiO2系生物活性玻璃,把制备的样品放在模拟体液中浸泡一段时间后取出,以X-射线衍射、红外光谱等手段对其作物相分析,确定在玻璃的表面有羟基磷灰石相生成,同时对其形成机理做了进一步探讨.     

化学沉淀法固化/稳定化除砷研究进展

化学沉淀法利用(亚)砷酸根(AsO33-/AsO43-)与多种金属阳离子形成难溶化合物,进而实现砷的固化/稳定化,在含砷废水除砷及含砷废弃物固化方面被广泛应用.本文简要介绍了国内外在化学沉淀法固化/稳定化除砷技术方面的研究现状,对不同低溶解度砷酸盐,包括砷酸钙(Ca-As盐)、臭葱石(FeAsO4·2H2O)、砷铝石(AlAsO4· 2H2O),及含砷明矾石族矿物(砷黄钾铁矾(KFe3(SO4)2.x(AsO4)x(OH)6)、砷钠明矾石(NaAl3(SO4)2-x(AsO4)x(OH)6)的砷毒性浸出特性进行了对比分析.研究表明:低溶解度的砷酸盐(砷酸钙、臭葱石、砷铝石)的砷浸出浓度均较高,超过5 mg/L,不利于长期堆存.而砷黄钾铁矾和砷钠明矾石固溶体具有溶解度低,固砷效率高等优点,其中砷钠明矾石固溶体具有更好的中长期稳定性,在pH为5～8时,其砷浸出浓度为0.01 ～0.1 mg/L.由此可见,利用砷钠明矾石固溶体固砷有望成为处理含砷废水和含砷废渣的一种潜在手段.     

一种热法磷酸除砷的简易方法

工业热法磷酸是用工业黄磷(P4)燃烧后通过水合而制得的(P4+5O2P4O10;P4O10+6H2O4H3PO4)。磷酸中的砷大多是由生产黄磷的原料磷矿石带入,而且是以10倍富集于黄磷产品中,在用黄磷生产热法磷酸的过程中砷生成了砷酸(H3AsO4)和亚砷酸(H3AsO3)共存于磷酸中。     

超声波处理对羟基磷灰石结晶形貌的影响

常压下用湿化学沉淀法经过超声处理制备羟基磷灰石 (hydroxyapatite,HA)纳米针状晶。实验中以Ca(NO3) 2 ·4H2 O和 (NH4) 2 ·HPO4为原料 ,去离子水为溶剂 ,氨水为pH调节剂。通过TEM ,XRD和IR分析 ,研究了不同工艺条件下超声处理对HA晶体形态和尺寸的影响。试验表明 :超声处理可引起HA晶体的形状和尺寸的变化 ,针状晶沿长径方向都有所增长 ,晶簇更加明显。与高温下烧结的HA相比 ,这些晶体表现出一种弱结晶的磷灰石结构     

天冬氨酸浓度对羟基磷灰石形貌的影响

以CaCO_3和Ca(H_2PO_4)_2·H_2O为原料,在超声波辅助水热条件下合成羟基磷灰石纳米晶体。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外吸收光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对合成羟基磷灰石的物相组成、化学组成和微观形貌进行分析表征。探究不同的天冬氨酸(Aspartic acid)浓度对羟基磷灰石晶体形貌的影响,结果显示,天冬氨酸浓度由n(Aspartic acid)/n(Ca~(2+))=0.05依次增大为0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50时,HAP晶体形貌呈现短线状、棒状、球状的变化,并进一步研究了其影响机理。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。