超细煤粉在燃料分级燃烧技术中的应用

超细煤粉分级燃烧是当今较有发展前途的低NOx燃烧技术之一,通过试验研究的方法,探讨了超细煤粉分级燃烧技术中部分因素对NOx排放的影响,研究结果表明,对于不同煤种的主燃料,超细煤粉分级燃烧均能起到显著降低NOx排放的作用;高挥发分的褐煤、烟煤是较好的再燃燃料;煤粉越细,对NOx的还原性越强,同常规粒度煤粉再燃相比,以超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,NOx脱除率显著增加,可达到70％,最佳再燃燃料粒度为20μm;温度低于1200℃时,再燃区内温度越高,NOx的脱除率也越高。     

超细煤粉燃烧氮氧化物释放特性的研究

通过试验和数值模拟，对超细煤粉在一维热态煤粉炉内燃烧时煤粉粒度、炉膛温度、过量空气系数、煤种等因素对NOx释放特性的影响规律进行了研究。研究结果表明：超细煤粉NOx的排放浓度低于常规粒度煤粉；NOx的排放浓度，随过量空气系数的增加而明显增加；煤种不同，NOx释放规律不同，煤粉超细化后，龙口褐煤的排放量明显减少，晋城无烟煤则变化不大；NOx的排放浓度随温度的升高而升高，但温度升高到一定值后，NOx的排放浓度却呈现下降趋势。以超细煤粉作为再燃燃料，NOx的还原率将比常规粒度煤粉再燃有所提高，褐煤作为再燃燃料时，效果更明显。模拟计算与试验结果较为吻合。图6表2参2     

停留时间对微细煤粉再燃还原NO效率的影响

以 4种细度的混煤 (烟煤与褐煤 )微细煤粉作为再燃燃料 ,用N2 、O2 、CO2 和NO配制模拟烟气 ,在 13 0 0℃立式管式携带炉中 ,对停留时间与再燃还原NO效率的关系进行了实验研究 ,分析了停留时间对再燃还原NO效率的影响机制 .在前 0 .8s内随停留时间的增加 ,NO还原率增加幅度较大 ,当停留时间继续增加时 ,NO还原效率增加幅度较小 .使用较细的煤粉可以适当缩短煤粉在再燃区的停留时间 .但是 ,如果低于 0 .6s ,NO的还原效率会大幅度下降 ,煤粉燃尽率也会降低 .这是因为煤粉的热解、挥发分的释放、NO的还原以及煤粉的燃烧需要一定的反应时间 .为使这些反应得以充分进行 ,0 .8s的停留时间是必需的     

煤再燃过程中燃料特性对NO还原的影响

在小型流动反应器中研究了不同煤粉及其煤焦对富燃料再燃区NO异相还原的影响。实验中选用的再燃燃料为小龙潭褐煤、富拉尔基褐煤和大同烟煤及其煤焦,以及添加不同催化剂的大同烟煤焦。实验在初始NO浓度为1000×10     

温度对超细煤粉再燃降低NO排放的影响

超细煤粉再燃技术是控制燃煤电站NOx排放的有效方法之一。以3种煤的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2、NO配制模拟烟气,在立式管携带炉中,研究了温度对再燃降低NO排放的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,随着再燃区温度的增加,再燃还原NO的效果增大;对于挥发份含量较高的超细煤粉,再燃还原NO的效果受温度的影响更大;对于同一煤种,再燃还原NO的效果受温度的影响随再燃料比增加而增大。采用化学动力学理论对这种影响机制进行了分析。图2表1参6     

煤粉再燃过程中NO异相还原机理的重要性

用两种褐煤的一种烟煤及其煤焦作为再燃燃料，实验研究了再燃环境下NO的还原。通过比较煤粉和煤焦对NO还原过程的不同，分析了异相机理对NO还原的重要性。结果表明，褐煤及其煤焦是有效的再燃燃料。褐煤作为再燃燃料时，煤焦的异相还原机理对NO还原起重要作用。煤中的金属氧化物对NO还原具有催化作用。     

超细煤粉再燃技术的探讨

煤粉再燃是一种投资不高的脱硝技术 ,其脱硝率可达 5 0 %～ 70 %。着重阐述了采用超细煤粉作为二次燃料的再燃技术的原理 ,以及超细煤粉再燃技术的发展状况 ,并分析了在我国采用超细煤粉再燃技术的可行性和发展前景。     

温度对超细煤焦再燃还原NO效率的影响

以超细煤粉制作的煤焦作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2、NO配制模拟烟气,在立式管式携带炉中,研究了温度对再燃降低NO效率的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,随着再燃区温度的增加,再燃还原NO效率增大,化学动力学是控制超细煤粉再燃还原NO化学反应速率的重要因素;提高再燃区温度可以适当缩短停留时间,但不能低于0.6 s,否则NO还原效率会大幅度下降,同时燃尽率也会下降;在煤粉再燃过程中,煤焦再燃还原NO占有重要地位。     

超细煤粉再燃低NOx燃烧技术的数值模拟

为了验证超细煤粉作为再燃燃料的有效性,使用FLUENT软件对元宝山褐煤在燃烧试验研究装置中的进行了4个工况的数值模拟;1 个为常规燃烧,3 个为超细粉再燃工况。计算结果表明:超细粉再燃可以有效的降低NOx 排放,与常规燃烧相比,脱除率为58.2%~72.5%;再燃区过量空气系数越小,越有利于NOx 的还原;超细粉再燃工况中出口NOx 排放量不仅与再燃区NOx 的还原率有关,而且还与燃尽区新的NOx 生成有关。图5表3参7     

煤种对超细煤粉再燃脱硝效率影响的数值研究

应用CFD计算软件FLUENT6.1,对全尺寸四角切圆锅炉超细煤粉再燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟。以5种煤质差异较大的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,研究其NOx排放随再燃区长度、再燃燃料投射位置、再燃区过量空气系数及再燃量的变化规律。结果表明,对于不同煤种的再燃燃料,再燃燃料投射位置存在同一最佳值;煤种挥发分越大,再燃效果越显著;NOx的脱除率随着再燃区长度的增加而增大,随着再燃量的提高亦增大。再燃区过量空气系数对NOx脱除率有重要影响,通过分析计算结果,得到了描述再燃煤粉干燥基挥发分含量Vd和再燃区过量空气系数最佳值αop关系的经验公式,为燃烧参数的优化提供了便利的途径。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。