轧辊断裂原因分析

轧辊在经调质热处理后的校直过程中辊颈发生断裂。采用宏观检验、金相检验和化学成分分析等方法对轧辊断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明：由于断口处存在较为严重的共晶碳化物和较大尺寸的氧化铝夹杂物形成了应力集中点,导致辊颈在调质热处理后的校直过程中发生断裂。     

冷轧辊断裂事故分析

本文采用光学金相和扫描电镜等手段，对冷轧辊过早失效断裂进行了分析，结果表明，辊颈Ｒ１．５部位因镀铬不当引起表面腐蚀缺陷，构成了疲劳断裂源，导致辊颈盍中瞬时脆断，而材质致密度较差，断裂源位于应力集中部位，也是导致轧辊超前失效断裂不可忽视的因素。同时提出了预防轧辊断裂的措施。     

轧辊断裂原因分析

某轧辊直径由840mm减少到780mm时发生断裂,未达到其正常使用寿命,采用化学成分分析、断口分析、金相检验以及硬度检测等方法对轧辊断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：轧辊辊颈与辊身交界处的表面存在微裂纹是导致其发生断裂的根本原因;由于套密封环时操件不当使得该处的表层显微组织发生淬火,形成薄且脆的淬火组织,加之该处为应力集中处,从而导致该处产生微裂纹;已经形成的微裂纹在轧辊工作时所承受压力和扭转力的作用下,由于应力集中裂纹尖端不断向轧辊中心扩展,当裂纹达到一定深度后,辊颈处无法承受外力的作用时便会发生瞬间失稳扩展,导致轧辊断裂。     

轧辊辊颈断裂分析

通过对断裂轧辊辊颈的化学成分,力学性能,断口及高低倍组织分析,认为碳含量较低和大面积条,网状渗碳体等缺陷是导致辊颈断裂的主要原因。     

GCr15冷轧辊早期断裂失效分析EI

采用光学金相和电子探针分析仪等分析手段，对ＧＣｒ１５冷轧辊早期断裂进行了分析。结果表明：断裂源并不位于宏观断口上，而是位于应力集中的辊颈键槽根部，硫化物在此聚集并沿轴向分布，导致冷轧辊在工作中发生断裂。该辊颈的显微组织很不均匀，加快了裂纹的扩展。     

轧辊断裂原因分析

应用化学成分分析、金相检验和硬度测试等方法对断辊进行分析。结果表明，无限冷硬球墨铸铁轧辊中硅的含量超出标准范围是轧辊断裂的主要原因。加之工作层石墨球化不良、铁素体量较多、共晶莱氏体碳化物少且分布不均造成轧辊工作层承载能力不足最终导致轧辊断裂。     

高铬复合铸造轧辊爆裂分析

热轧板轧机的F1机架工作轧辊在轧钢过程中发生断裂.为了探明断裂原因,对断裂轧辊进行了化学成分,高、低倍组织及断口的宏、微观分析.分析结果表明,轧辊的断裂属于脆性爆裂,引起脆性爆裂的原因主要与轧辊的铸造缺陷和组织缺陷等有关.     

轧辊再制造及其表面强化技术的研究进展

轧辊失效形式主要有辊身剥落掉块、大面裂纹、辊身和辊颈断裂等,通过对轧辊的修复和表面强化可以延长轧辊的使用寿命,减少轧辊的消耗并降低轧钢成本。综述了辊身修复和表面强化的几种表面处理技术的工艺、特点与用途;分析了堆焊层的作用机理和气泡产生的原因,指出了使用氮元素在堆焊中的作用;阐述了轧辊表面感应淬火获得较深的硬化层的限制性因素,指出残余应力的产生和分布还需要进一步研究;介绍了热喷涂技术裂纹产生的原因和机理,并讨论了激光重熔对减少热喷涂层裂纹和内应力的影响;总结了轧辊激光表面改性的近期研究进展,讨论了熔池流动性对熔凝层和熔覆层组织性能的影响;最后展望了现有技术的重点研究方向及3D打印技术在轧辊再制造和表面强化中的应用前景。     

粗轧机球墨铸钢水平辊开裂原因分析

某材料为球墨铸钢的粗轧机水平辊在使用很短时间后即发生径向开裂,采用宏观检验、化学成分分析、硬度试验、金相检验等方法对水平辊的开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:不良的组织状态是导致水平辊开裂的主要原因;水平辊生产过程中未进行高温扩散退火,导致水平辊组织偏析严重,呈枝晶状分布,枝晶间隙碳化物粗大,数量较多,而枝晶杆处部分碳化物呈断续网状分布;另外,铸造过程中钢液石墨化工艺控制不佳,导致石墨数量少,球化效果差。     

不锈钢热连轧机粗轧支持辊剥落影响因素的有限元分析

该文分析某2250不锈钢热连轧粗轧机频繁发生支持辊严重边部剥落难题的影响因素。通过理论及实际剥落断口形貌分析,指出世界上不锈钢产量最大的该生产线复杂轧制工艺条件和服役期内辊系力学行为引起的不均匀辊间接触压应力分布是该轧机轧制过程中轧辊剥落的主要原因。根据现场跟踪实测数据,采用大型通用有限元软件建立了四辊轧机辊系三维有限元模型,仿真分析了带钢宽度、轧制力、轧辊磨损对辊间接触压应力峰值和位置的影响。结果表明:随着带钢宽度和轧制力的增大,辊间接触压力峰值增幅明显,辊间接触压力分布不均匀度系数基本不变;在不同磨损阶段,当工作辊和支持辊都处于服役后期时,压力峰值、不均匀度系数显著增大,均在距轧辊辊身边部附近存在接触压应力尖峰,且此位置与实际剥落位置一致。研究结果为成功研制的新支持辊形技术投入长期稳定工业应用累计轧制600万t以上未再发生剥落提供了理论依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.