铺设长度及入口压力交互作用对小流量滴灌带灌水均匀度的影响

为探究滴灌带铺设长度与入口压力交互作用对灌水均匀度的影响。以3种J型（进口型号）滴灌带和1种G型（国产型号）滴灌带为研究对象,分别对不同铺设长度和入口压力组合下的滴头流量进行测定,并运用变差系数（v）、Christiansen均匀系数（C_u）及Keller均匀系数（E_u）进行了评价。结果表明：C_v、C_u、E_u均随着滴灌带铺设长度和入口压力的变化而变化,C_u与E_u呈正相关,与C_v呈负相关;以滴水孔流量变差系数C_v为判别指标,滴灌带铺设长度为200 m时,J₁型入口压力为5~11 m、J₂型入口压力为3~11 m的滴灌带质量等级均为A（优）;入口压力在1~11 m范围时,J₃型滴灌带在各压力下的质量等级均为B(良)、G型滴灌带质量等级均为D（不合格）。滴灌带铺设长度为100 m时,J型滴灌带入口压力在1~11 m范围的质量等级均为A（优）;G型入口压力在1~3 m时滴灌带质量等级为C（一般）。以均匀系数E_u和C_u为判别指标,J型滴灌带铺设长度为300 m时灌水均匀度均最低,入口压力为9~11 m时灌水均匀度均最高。基于上述判别指标,本试验所选各类型滴灌带铺设长度和入口压力的最佳搭配为：J₁型滴灌带铺设长度200 m、入口压力9 m;J₂型滴灌带铺设长度200 m、入口压力11 m;J₃型滴灌带铺设长度200 m、入口压力11 m;G型滴灌带铺设长度100 m,入口压力7 m。     

基于SUFI-2优化算法和SWAT模型的汾河流域月径流模拟

以黄河中游的汾河流域为研究区域,构建汾河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2优化算法进行参数敏感性分析、率定与不确定性分析,模拟了流域控制站河津水文站的月径流过程。结果表明:12个水文参数对径流的模拟均有不同程度的影响,对径流影响量最大的为土壤层有效含水量、其次为径流曲线数,影响最小的为主河道河床曼宁系数;率定期和验证期E_ns值均达到了0.80以上,相对误差R_e均小于20％,且确定性系数R²均大于0.85。汾河流域SWAT模型的月径流模拟效果较好,验证期较率定期落在不确定性区间的数量有所增加,表明验证期的径流模拟比率定期的径流模拟不确定性程度大。     

湘潭地区红层软岩在淋雨条件下崩解的分形维数研究

采用室内模拟自然降雨的崩解试验,对湖南湘潭地区的红层软岩制成4种不同质量的试样进行了干湿循环淋雨崩解试验,推导了体积与粒径关联的分形维数D_V求解方法,并采用D_V对试验后试样的崩解特性进行了研究。结果表明：不同质量红层软岩试样崩解后的累计百分含量与粒径关系曲线的形状非常相似,曲线的形状整体呈上凸型。随着干湿循环次数N的增加,红层软岩试样的大颗粒逐渐减少,小颗粒逐渐增多,崩解物级配曲线渐渐趋于重合,反映出试样的崩解速率逐渐放缓。随着各组试样质量的不断增大,曲线上凸的部分越发突出。随着N的增加,不同质量试样的D_V先迅速增大,然后增速逐渐放缓,最终基本达到稳定。随着试样质量的逐渐增加,试样的D_V逐渐增大,表明岩样的质量越大,则其崩解的速率越快。     

基于数字图像处理的土石坝坝料合格性智能检测方法

土石坝坝料的合格性检测通常是通过判断现场筛分试验获得的级配参数是否满足设计要求来实现的,然而通过筛分试验获取级配参数的方法存在采样率低,操作过程繁琐,智能感知程度差等缺点以致检测结果代表性差。为了提高坝料级配参数的智能检测程度,依托辽宁某电站现场挖坑检测位置处的图像和级配数据,采用融合空间信息的直觉模糊C均值聚类（SIFCM）算法进行土石坝料数字图像的分割,并利用等效椭球体积的方法实现了土石坝料的三维体积重构,进一步通过基于BP神经网络的级配修正模型修正后,得到真实条件下的坝料全级配特征曲线,进而获得评价坝料合格性的4个指标：最大粒径、P5含量、曲率系数C_c和不均匀系数C_u。实际工程应用表明,本文建立的基于SIFCM_BP算法的坝料级配特征智能识别修正模型具有较高的识别精度,本文方法为大坝碾压施工前坝料合格性快速判别与施工过程中坝料压实特性的实时评价提供了重要支撑。     

吊车水平荷载作用下柱顶不动支点反力的简捷算法

对单层厂房排架内力分析通常采用的吊车水平荷载柱顶不动支点反力R_r的系数C₅即吊车横向水平荷载T_max作用于0.6H_u,0.7H_u,0.8H_u处的不动铰支座反力系数进行改善.采用增添1个新计算参数γ,运用结构力学的方法推导出T作用在任意点处新的计算系数C₅′,借助C₅′可直接求吊车水平荷载作用下柱顶不动支点反力R_T的精确值,省去了原有方法中的插入计算过程.     

径流变异对滹沱河流域水库生态调度的影响

分析了滹沱河中上游径流变异情况并计算了河道生态流量,通过构建岗南-黄壁庄梯级水库供水及生态多目标优化调度模型,并采用NSGA-Ⅱ求解多种情景方案,探求入库径流变异对水库生态调度的影响。研究结果表明：小觉站和平山站径流分别在1983年和1979年发生变异,流域径流整体呈显著下降趋势;利用频率众值法、Tennant法和年内展布法计算的河道理想、适宜及最小生态流量对应的年生态需水量分别为9.85亿、5.85亿、3.23亿m³;农业灌溉及生态需水缺水率随来水频率的增大而显著增大;入库径流下降趋势显著且发生变异,致使变异后不同水平年水库调度的供水保证率均有所降低;农业灌溉需水和生态需水矛盾显著,枯水年农业灌溉供水率降低4%可提高12%的生态供水率。     

河北省利用地下水库实施水资源优化配置的可行性

通过分析南水北调中线附近地下水库调蓄条件,太行山前平原具有可观的调蓄库容.利用地下水库的调蓄,实现引江水的均匀供给;跨区域调配引江水量,提高受水区,特别是东部地区枯水年的供水保证率.最终实现水资源优化配置.     

基于温度信息和历史阈值的蒸散发预报及修正

蒸散发（ET_c）是陆面和大气之间物质与能量交换的关键要素,其精准预报对于制定合理的灌溉计划和提高水分利用效率至关重要。本文以华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米为研究对象,在作物充分供水条件下,重点考虑了温度对作物生长的影响,发展了基于温度效应的作物系数（K_c）和参考作物蒸散发（ET_o）估算模型,构建了ET_c预报模型（简称：M_T）;考虑极端天气情况的不确定性影响,通过构建历史阈值修正函数进一步发展了M_T模型,形成了M_T-threshold模型,并以涡度相关法实测值为依据,验证了M_T-threshold模型在1~15 d预见期的适用性。结果表明：基于温度效应的K_c预报值与实测值拟合效果较好,1~15 d预见期内具有较好的适用性;率定后Hargreaves-Samani模型的ET_o估算效果较好,1~15 d预见期的预报准确率均在72%以上,且冬小麦生长季的预报效果优于夏玉米生长季;M_T模型在1~7 d预见期具有较好的适用性（预报准确率>83%）;M_T-threshold模型在1~15 d预见期的预报效果有明显提升,1~7 d预见期的预报精度提高2%以上,预报精度均在86%以上;8~15 d预见期预报准确率提高8%以上,预报精度均在80%以上。因此,基于温度预报信息及作物生长历史阈值能够较好的实现ET_c短中期预报。     

涌泉根灌下陕北山地苹果作物系数确定与蒸散量估算

为探明涌泉根灌下陕北山地苹果的蒸散量与作物系数规律,通过设定高水H₁((85%~100%)θ_f,θ_f为田间持水量）、中水H₂((70%~85%)θ_f)和低水H₃((55%~70%)θ_f)3个灌水水平,研究亏缺灌溉对陕北山地苹果蒸散量和作物系数的影响,并建立蒸散量关于叶面积指数的估算模型。结果表明：陕北山地苹果全物候期耗水范围为483.03～540.10 mm,作物系数在萌芽展叶期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期与果实成熟期的范围分别为0.35～0.38、0.28～0.31、0.70～0.83和0.48～0.57,不同灌水处理的蒸散量及作物系数在果实膨大期差异显著,任一时期亏缺灌水均会减小该时期陕北山地苹果的作物系数和蒸散强度。各处理的叶面积指数均随灌水量的增大而增大。作物系数与叶面积指数之间可以用指数回归较好地描述,由此建立了果树蒸腾蒸发量的估算模型。该研究结果可为制定陕北山地苹果涌泉根灌灌溉制度提供理论支撑。     

黄河水滴灌系统灌水器结构-泥沙淤积-堵塞行为的相关关系研究

传统的黄河水沉淀-过滤系统存在沉沙池建设成本高、过滤器频繁反冲洗能耗高等问题,让更多的细颗粒泥沙随水流排出灌水器体外是解决黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的新思路,而摸清泥沙在黄河水滴灌系统内部的淤积特性以及灌水器结构-淤积泥沙特性-堵塞特性参数间的相关关系是探索其排沙能力的前提和基础。为此,本文在河套灌区开展了黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞原位试验,系统分析了6种内镶贴片式灌水器内部细颗粒泥沙含量及粒径分布动态变化特征,探索了三者间的级联关系。结果表明：进入灌水器内部的泥沙99%以上可以排出体外,淤积在灌水器内部的泥沙以粉粒为主、砂粒次之、黏粒最少。随着灌水器堵塞加剧,内部淤积泥沙的黏粒、粉粒比例相对降低,而砂粒比例相对增加,泥沙进入灌水器后存在聚集等行为,使得灌水器内部淤积泥沙粒径明显高于毛管入口。泥沙比表面积淤积量、粉粒比例、砂粒比例、D₅₀、D₉₅对黄河水滴灌系统Dra、克里斯琴森均匀系数CU影响显著（p<0.05）,不同灌水器淤积泥沙粒径明显不同,D₅₀与灌水器结构无量纲参数（流道宽深比W/D、面积长度比A^1/2/L）及断面平均流速v显著（p<0.05）相关。本研究对引黄滴灌灌水器设计及灌溉系统过滤配置具有指导意义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

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