表面活性剂（3）

表面活性剂（３）朱步瑶，赵国玺北京大学化学系（北京１００８７１）３表面活性剂结构与性能之间的关系上面２叙述了表面活性剂的基本物理化学特性。不同结构的表面活性剂具有明显不同的物理化学特性。在这一节中我们将从表面活性剂两亲分子的极性头和疏水基的不同结构来...     

表面活性剂（二）

表面活性剂（二）朱步瑶，赵国玺北京大学化学系（北京１００８７１）２表面活性剂溶液的物理化学特性表面活性剂水溶液通常是具有４方面的特性：①表面性质；②溶液性质；③溶解度特性；④溶油性。表面活性剂具有很好的降低水表面张力的能力和效率。所谓能力是指能把溶剂...     

糖基表面活性剂综述（英）

糖基表面活性剂取自可再生资源，与环境相容性好，对皮肤温和，具有良好的起泡力，在个人护理用品，家用洗涤和餐具洗涤中可用作辅助表面活性剂，介绍了蔗糖酯，烷基多苷，葡糖胺，糖基磺基琥珀酸钠表面活性剂的性能及应用，它们在家秀及个人护理用品中将继续流行。     

可裂解的表面活性剂（英）（续完）

１ ３缩酮与图１和图２所示制备缩醛的反应相类似 ,含缩酮键的表面活性剂可由长链酮和二醇反应制备。近期 ,一类由长链羰基化合物（酮或醛）与甘油乙氧基化物制备的非离子表面活性剂已商品化。这类表面活性剂既可以是环缩醛 ,也可以是环缩酮。这些酸不稳定性表面活性剂已被用于微乳液中六氯苯的还原。脱卤以后 ,溶液的 ｐＨ值降到３以下 ,表面活性剂水解使溶液失去表面活性 ,可以从溶液中直接回收电解产品。用酮酸酯也可以制备二氧戊环类缩酮表面活性剂 ,收率较高 ,如图７所示。其降解速度与脂肪链长密切相关。可裂解表面活性剂比Ｋ１２ 的…     

世界表面活性剂市场（英）

发达国家的表面活性剂市场渐趋饱和, 但发展中国家的表面活性剂市场却正方兴未艾。综述世界表面活性剂市场、表面活性剂应用的现况与动向、表面活性剂原料的生产能力与需求以及影响表面活性剂工业发展的环境与法规问题。     

磺酸盐类双子（Gemini）表面活性剂的合成进展

双子（Gemini）表面活性剂具有比普通表面活性剂高得多的表面活性，如较低的表面张力，较低的CMC，良好的泡沫稳定性、钙皂分散力、润湿、增溶、抗菌和洗涤能力等。磺酸盐类的双子表面活性剂是阴离子表面活性剂的一种。     

两性表面活性剂（五）两性表面活性剂的生理活性

介绍了两性表面活性剂的生理活性，指出两性表面活性剂的毒性与非离子表面活性剂一样比离子型表面活性剂的低，甚至比乙醇的还要低，两性表面活性剂对高等生物的致突变作用不明显，但对低等生物却具有较强制 杀来作用，详细讨论他两性表面活性剂对皮肤和眼睛的刺激性，并指出利用两性表面活性剂对阴离子表面活性剂的争毒性是配制温和性配方的重要手段。     

三次采油表面活性剂的研究与应用进展（二）

（上接本刊第7期） 国内外三次采油表面活性剂新进展 基于人们对表面活性剂高效、廉价、适用于高温高盐等恶劣油藏、一剂多能以及结构明确等指标的追求．近年来出现了一些热点驱油剂，如OCS表面活性剂、非离子一阴离子复合型表面活性剂、高分子表面活性剂、孪生表面活性剂（Gemini）、纯的烷基萘（苯）系列磺酸盐表活剂、     

硅氧烷表面活性剂（Ⅳ）（续3）

在涂料生产和加工过程中，作为助剂的硅氧烷表面活性剂，即可作为流动改善剂，润湿剂、防滑剂、防刮痕剂和脱气剂，又在新涂为系列配方中成为不可缺少的助剂、由此，它们要通过改性来适应各种应用的需要。     

皮革用表面活性剂（二）

2.8 加脂 加脂的主要目的是为了得到柔软、丰满的皮革。加脂剂组成中的有效成分主要是水溶性的乳化剂和不溶于水的油性物质。乳化剂主要是各类表面活性剂,而中性油脂中也含有一定数量的表面活性剂。表面活性剂的作用是乳化、分散油脂,使乳液稳定,易于渗透到革内并分布均匀,同时促进皮革对油脂的吸收;另外,表面活性剂本身还具有优     

硅氧烷表面活性剂（Ⅱ）（续1）：改性聚二甲基硅氧烷在化妆品中应用

改性聚二甲基硅氧烷在水相或油相的表面活性,决定于改性基因的种类和数量,油溶性聚烷能改善油和石蜡的扩散能力,直接用到化妆品和护肤品的配方中,改性的亲水性聚硅氧烷主要用于香波,泡沫浴液的配方中,具有长烷基链的聚硅氧烷乙二醇是有效的ｗ／ｏ乳化剂,两性基团或季铵基团取代聚二甲基硅氧烷中的甲基后,并能直接秀于护发产品中。     

Carbohydrate-Modified Silicone Surfactants

Silicone surfactants have been widely used in our daily life and many industrial fields on the basis of their unusual properties. Only in the past decades has the use of silicone as a hydrophobic building block for the preparation of surfactants become common. The recent trend to combine silicone, polyoxyalkylene and carbohydrate moieties in the same molecule has resulted in a plethora of new compounds with new properties. The generic structure and surface activity of silicone surfactants are reviewed in this article. Especially, the preparation, properties and application of carbohydrate-modified silicone surfactants such as glucosamide-containing and glycoside-containing silicone surfactants are described in detail. In addition, the future development of silicone surfactants is discussed.     

水乳型有机硅系表面处理剂的性能

以烷氧基烷基硅烷为活性基本原料，通过化学改性和乳化技术制备出性能优良的有机硅防水剂，详细研究了经水乳型有机硅防水剂表面处理的建材的防水和表面性能的变化。     

氟硅表面活性剂的制备及应用研究进展

综述了氟硅表面活性剂的合成方法,简述了氟硅表面活性剂的类别特征及其研究现状,介绍了氟硅表面活性剂的性能优点及其应用。     

氟硅表面活性剂研究简述

简述了含硅及含氟硅表面活性剂的类别及特性,以及这2类表面活性剂的合成方法及应用。介绍了典型有机硅、氟硅表面活性剂的研究现状。认为含氟硅表面活性剂综合了氟表面活性剂和硅表面活性剂的优点,应在合成及应用上投入更多的研究,探讨与其他类型的表面活性剂如二聚表面活性剂、生物表面活性剂等类型的“杂交”研究,开发出高效、环保、节约成本、易降解的多功能化表面活性剂。     

Synthesis and Surface Properties of Polyether-Based Silicone Surfactants with Different Siloxane Groups

A series of polyether-based silicone surfactants with different hydrophobic chains (trimethylsiloxy, triethylsiloxy, and triisopropylsiloxy) were synthesized. The molecular structures were confirmed using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ¹³C NMR, ²⁹Si NMR, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effect of the siloxane groups on the physicochemical properties, surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γ_CMC ), adsorption efficiency (pC₂₀), surface pressure at the CMC (π_CMC ), maximum surface excess (Γ_max ), single silicone surfactant molecule at the air/water interface (A_min ), and the standard free energy of adsorption (), of the polyether-based silicone surfactants was investigated. Results indicate that the polyether-based silicone surfactants can reduce the surface tension of water to approximately 25–31 mN m⁻¹ and the surface activity of silicone surfactants is enhanced with increasing branched trimethylsiloxyl and sterically hindered siloxane groups.     

农用有机硅表面活性剂的制备及应用研究新进展

重点阐述了农用有机硅表面活性剂,尤其是三硅氧烷表面活性剂的制备方法,介绍了其在农药中的应用情况。最后对农用有机硅表面活性剂的发展方向进行了预测。     

Effect of Sodium Halide on Micellar and Surface Properties of Cationic Silicone Surfactants

The effect of sodium halide on aggregation behavior of four cationic silicone surfactants, Si₃mamCl, Si₄mamCl, Si₄PyCl, and Si₄minCl, in solution was investigated using surface tension and conductivity measurements. The ability of sodium halide (NaCl, NaBr, and NaI) to reduce critical micelle concentration (CMC) values was in the order NaI > NaBr > NaCl. However, the γ_CMC values of the cationic silicone surfactants, Si₄mamCl, Si₄PyCl and Si₄minCl, in sodium halide solution are almost the same as those of the salt-free system. The values of and are negative, indicating that the micellization process and adsorption of the four cationic silicone surfactants at the air-solution interface are spontaneous.     

Experimental Study on Foam Properties of Mixed Systems of Silicone and Hydrocarbon Surfactants

Silicone surfactants are inevitably involved in industrial applications in combination with hydrocarbon surfactants, but properties of the mixtures of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants have received little attention, especially foam properties of the mixtures. In this study, aqueous solutions of respective binary mixtures of a nonionic silicone surfactant with anionic, cationic, and nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants were prepared for evaluation of their foam properties. Surface tension of aqueous solutions of the mixtures were measured with the maximum bubble pressure method. Foaming ability and foam stability of the mixtures were then evaluated with the standard Ross–Miles method. The findings show that the addition of the silicone surfactant results in a decrease in surface tension for aqueous solutions of the hydrocarbon surfactants. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the hydrocarbon surfactants is also changed by the additive silicone surfactant. Additionally, clear foam synergistic effects were observed in the mixtures of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants, regardless of the ionic types of the hydrocarbon surfactant. The foam stability of the hydrocarbon surfactant was shown to generally improve with the increasing concentration of the silicone surfactant. Even so, aqueous solutions of different ionic hydrocarbon surfactants in the presence of the silicone surfactant will give different foam stabilities. The results of the present study are meant to provide guidance for the practical application of foams generated by the mixtures of the silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants.