北京市中心城土地利用变化及其对 生境的影响(1992—2016)

随着城市化进程的发展,北京市中心城建设用地不断扩张,大量城市边缘区绿色空间被侵占,对城市生态环境造成极大影响。以北京市中心城1992和2016年的遥感数据作为基础数据,对其用地转换以及空间分布变化进行分析,运用In VEST模型评估土地利用变化对中心城生境的影响,获取北京中心城生境质量和生境退化的空间分布格局。研究表明:1992—2016年北京市中心城绿色空间用地绝大多数转变为建设用地,除草地面积增加外,其他绿色空间用地均有所减少;中心城高度生境和中度生境面积均缩小,一般生境面积显著增加,到2016年轻度退化生境占总面积的80.5%。在"留白增绿"的政策背景下,生境评价的结果为北京中心城绿色空间规划及城市森林建设提供了重要的参考依据。     

“碳汇-视觉-生态”协同视角下的社区 景观环境多元评价体系建构研究——以 武汉市高密度社区为例

高密度城区由于人口密集、建筑密布给社区生态空 间带来了应对破碎化和提升服务效能的挑战。如何在高密度环 境下考虑生态空间多功能协同的问题成为亟须研究的课题。旨 在以“碳汇-视觉-生态”协同视角,提出了一种多元评价体 系。选取武汉市高密度社区的800个样本点并建构15分钟生 活圈,运用计算机视觉分析景观视觉,通过景观指数和生态系 统服务方法评估生态功能,同时采用碳汇测定方法分析储碳 能力。利用生态系统服务簇(SOM)的理论方法,有效识别了 不同功能的组合情况协同效应。结果在空间中揭示了4类服务 簇：植被丰茂簇、碳汇连通簇、生态耦合簇和生态脆弱簇,并 据此给出了高密度社区景观环境的提升策略。提出的多元评价 体系能为高密度社区环境的优化提供指导,助力居民生活质量 提升。     

“双碳”目标下的西安地区绿地植物 碳汇矩阵量化与配置模式研究

在“双碳”目标的驱动下，如何遵循绿色低碳途径在城市有限绿地空间条件下实现碳中和，提升城市绿地植物固碳效益成为新时代植物景观营造必须思考和解决的科学问题。结合西安地区不同土地利用类型下的碳储量时空变化状况，提出符合场地生境斑块连通性需求的4种城市绿色空间碳汇矩阵单元，探索植物碳汇在景观全生命周期中的设计过程。通过对西安地区典型绿地样方的持续调研观测，结合i-Tree软件总结出常见乔灌、地被植物的年固碳量，筛选出高固碳型植物种类，总结出适用于公园绿地和居住区绿地的高固碳型灌丛-地被型、地被型植物群落设计模式。依托“高固碳型植物群落数字化平台”对灌丛-地被植物群落碳汇效益进行持续智能监测与模拟，为植物种植设计方案优化和科学决策提供依据。     

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LA NDSCAPE PLANNING

Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.     

乡村生态景观识别与生境网络优化——以南京市江宁区为例

【目的】三生融合是乡村景观空间的基本格局，识别生态格局、优化生境网络是保护生物多样性、修复乡村生态环境的基本途径。【方法】基于土地覆被类型遥感解译，识别乡村三生空间及生境类型分布；依托MSPA方法识别生态斑块，采用InVEST模型评价斑块的生境质量，并结合三生空间类型提取生态源地；综合运用ArcGIS的栅格计算器及Linkage Mapper工具箱进行生态廊道、夹点、障碍点的识别。【结果】进一步整合出江宁区四片区-五组团-多廊道-多节点的多层级复合式生境网络格局，将其作为构建区域乡村生态本底的基础。【结论】在尊重三生空间融合的前提下，基于定量及空间定位与定性研究，初步形成乡村生境优化的路径。     

The pattern of landscape patches and invasion of naturalized plants in developed areas of urban Seoul

Fragmented developed areas usually support source-sink patches for invasive organisms in urban landscapes. Invasive plants that have a different origin than the spreading source have an important role in artificial landscape restoration in degraded areas. However, many alien plant species have invaded the original habitat or ecosystem of native plants; sequentially their fast growing populations colonize neighboring ecosystems easily. Biological contamination sometimes occurs, unbalancing biodiversity in the natural landscape system. Therefore, long-term monitoring for dynamic communities after restoration in urban areas is indispensable for establishing a strategy for sustainable urban management. Under this principle we have examined the spreading of representative naturalized plant species according to recent land use changes. In this study, we have selected two representative invasive plants, Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum. Their distribution pattern and patch characteristics of population were identified by the data of Seoul Biotope Map and a field survey. As a result of GIS-aided analysis of landscape patches, these two species often occurred in the same place. Concentration patterns of population distribution were found in forest edges disturbed by development of roads and human settlement. Especially, Eupatorium rugosum had extended to inner forest patches although the individuals were scattered. Distribution patterns of those species were partly related to landscape indices such as patch size and shape of the forest edge.     

北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价与优化————以济南市兴济河为例

快速城市化进程导致北方城市河流生态系统服务降低,难以满足城市居民日益增长的多种需求。从生态系统服务供需视角切入,构建了北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价体系,通过供需比、供需匹配—供给水平分布模型分析了河流生态系统服务供需匹配特征与实际效能,并以济南市兴济河进行实证研究。结果表明,文化服务是兴济河亟需提升的服务类型,净化水质、营造健康栖息地、增加游憩机会和亲水机会是需重点提升的四个服务维度。基于结果,提出实现生态系统服务供需匹配的优化策略。可为生态系统服务导向下的北方城市河流景观规划设计提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

基于主导生态系统服务功能识别的 北京市乡村景观提升策略研究

乡村景观是生态系统的重要组成部分,乡村景观的提升对于发挥其生态系统服务功能具有重要意义。以北京市为研究区域,利用POI数据和土地利用类型解译数据,在分析北京市乡村景观资源分布特征的基础上,通过识别各个乡村邻域缓冲区内的主导生态系统服务功能,将北京市乡村景观资源分为11类不同组合主导类型的生态系统服务功能空间,明确各空间的服务功能,以此制定乡村景观提升策略,为指导后续具体实施建设奠定基础。     

多尺度绿地景观格局对滞蓄能力的影响研究

城市绿地系统作为构建城市海绵系统中的重要组成要素,通过优化绿地景观格局以提升城市整体滞蓄能力的方式更符合可持续发展的要求。以沈阳市三环内建成区为研究范围,利用景观格局指数方法,对城区、场地2个研究尺度的绿地景观格局进行评价,并利用相关性分析与回归分析等数理统计方法对2个研究尺度的绿地景观格局与内涝风险之间的关系进行分析。得到结论:在城区尺度上,各类绿地景观格局指数对于绿地滞蓄能力影响大小依次为绿地规模特征指数>绿地形态特征指数>绿地分布特征指数;在场地尺度上,各类绿地景观格局指数对于绿地滞蓄能力影响程度依次为绿地分布特征指数>绿地规模特征指数>绿地形态特征指数。通过量化研究得到了不同尺度绿地景观格局对于滞蓄能力的影响规律,可在未来的海绵城市规划中,为不同层次绿地系统布局的规划管理提供参考和借鉴。     

基于生态审美的城市生态绿地构建对策

城市生态绿地构建对于营建城市生态系统及提高公众福祉具有促进作用。探讨、厘清影响城市绿地生态审美的关键因素,对于健康、稳定的绿地生态景观营造及公众生态价值观引导具有重要意义。通过探讨生态审美的概念和内涵,总结符合生态审美的绿地特征,提出符合生态审美的城市生态绿地构建原则与对策：基于城市绿地生态系统服务功能、绿地基础条件及人类活动干扰程度,将城市绿地划分为生态保育型、生态功能型及生态景观型3类生态绿地,构建生态绿地网络;基于绿地植物群落物种构成、空间布局及绿地功能需求,提出6类自然式植物群落配植模式。旨在为营建高生态效益、高景观质量的绿地景观提供规划依据。     

中国城市老旧社区非正式绿地改造及其公众感知研究

Existing large-scale urban green spaces in a low distribution density can hardly meet citizens’ diverse and growing needs for convenient access and sharing modes, especially to those living in old communities. Compared with formal green spaces, informal green space (IGS) is a new urban green infrastructure contributing to the city’s coconstruction, co-governance, and co-sharing. This study was conducted based on a typical old residential community in the historic city center of Beijing, namely Beitaipingzhuang Neighborhood, acquired residents’ opinions, evaluation, and willing to participate in IGS governance, and investigated their preference of IGS renovation, activity, and the positive / negative perception of IGS scenarios through virtual renovation proposals upon the real scenes. According to the survey result, most residents have been aware of the existing IGS in communities as well as the advantages and disadvantages, and shown their support to IGS cogovernance; residents’ preference of IGS renovation scenarios is significantly affected by environmental factors—residents prefer the green spaces with a higher plant richness, a larger crown size, and a more complete leisure facility system. Therefore, residents’ positive perception can be enhanced through enriching plant species, adjusting green space ratio, and introducing proper planting patterns and facility types. Finally, the authors put forward several research interests for following up so as to provide targeted guidelines for the optimization of urban living environment.     

基于ISODATA空间镶嵌聚类的流域生境 质量演变——以河南省黄河流域周边城镇为例

基于空间异质性原理和大量实证研究结果认为,在生 境质量评估过程中,使用空间镶嵌分类代替土地利用/覆被分类 可以更加完整地捕捉土地空间组分、结构与生态功能差异。以 河南省黄河流域周边城镇为研究区,提出以ISODATA聚类为核 心的空间镶嵌分类框架,并将分类结果用于InVEST生境质量模 型评估过程,最终探讨研究区2000—2020年生境质量演变的 整体与样带特征。结果显示：研究区拥有5类支柱性和6类过渡 性空间镶嵌类型,各类空间的演变体现出建设用地等扩张对空 间镶嵌模式全局的差异性和联动性影响;研究区生境质量整体 呈“西北高、中东低”的分布格局,研究期内Ⅲ等生境质量空 间大幅减少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ等生境质量空间逐渐增加,过渡性空间在 其中起到了重要影响,该影响在自然地理样带和城镇发展样带 典型的过渡地段均有所体现。研究结果对黄河流域生物多样性 保护和生态系统功能调控具有一定理论与实践价值。     

城市更新背景下融合深度学习的非正式 绿地数字识别技术研究进展

城市更新过程中,非正式绿地在为城市提供环境、 社会和生态效益方面发挥着至关重要的补充作用。然而,非正 式绿地由于数量繁多、面积较小、种类多样、边界模糊等特征 导致其难以高效识别。深度学习在分割图像进行识别及自主学 习方面有极大的优势。因此,基于深度学习,对多源数据依托 下的非正式绿地识别研究进行综述。首先,基于非正式绿地内 涵归纳其识别特征与识别难点;其次,梳理识别非正式绿地常 用的4种数据类型,即基于深度学习识别的高分辨遥感影像、 街景图片,用于辅助识别的网络媒体数据、PPGIS平台数据; 再次,对现有深度学习进行非正式绿地整体布局识别、耦合多 源数据进行辅助识别的方法研究进展进行归纳总结;最后,对 未来非正式绿地空间识别应用与发展提出展望与建议     

Identifying the spatial mixture distribution of bird diversity across urban and suburban areas in the metropolis: A case study in Taipei Basin of Taiwan

This study utilized a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM) to identify the distribution of bird diversity in urban and suburban areas of the Taipei basin. The spatial patterns of Shannon's diversity index were estimated using Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with bird investigation data. To validate the results of FMDM, bird groups were classified by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) based on bird presence-absence records. The probabilities exceeding FMDM's cut-off values for suburban bird communities were obtained from SGS realizations. The results showed that bird diversity in the Taipei basin could be comprised of two-component mixture distributions for urban and suburban bird communities, respectively. The FMDM bird diversity classifications fit the TWINSPAN groups of urban and suburban species. The spatial maps of bird diversity in the study area provide evidence that a metropolis can cause changes in the spatial characteristics of bird communities at the landscape level. Furthermore, the bird diversity and land use maps could be useful for future conservation and urban planning in Taipei Basin, particularly urban green spaces and wetlands. The maps could also be utilized in network planning of green belts or corridors for ecological conservation.     

基于系统地图法的城市生态系统负面 服务研究进展述评

城市绿色空间有益于人类健康福祉的积极作用已成为全球共识,但其可能产生的生态系统负面服务还未受到足够关注,展开相关研究有助于提升城市绿色空间促进健康福祉的能力。以Scopus、Web of Science和Google Scholar为文献检索数据源,运用系统地图法对全球的城市生态系统负面服务研究进行全面回顾。首先,总结了研究的时空分布特征和研究对象特征,阐明了城市生态系统负面服务的定义,指出了城市生态系统负面服务的4种主要类型。其次,阐述了城市生态系统服务量化评估研究的主要评估内容、数据收集方法和主要评估方法。再次,总结了当前研究中各类型生态系统负面服务的影响机理及规避路径。最后,从正视城市生态系统负面服务问题、加强基础性科学研究、重视研究成果转化3个方面提出了国际经验对中国研究和实践的启示,并针对性地提出了面向风景园林专业的基本性策略。研究结果对我国开展城市生态系统负面服务的研究和实践具有借鉴和启示意义。     

基于关键物种与生境质量评估的昆明市 中心城区绿色空间生物多样性分布格局 研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市生物多样性受到严重威胁,生物多样性热点分布区域的识别在城市生物多样性保护方面起着重要作用。以昆明市中心城区为例,首先对绿色空间进行解译,再运用MaxEnt模型识别关键物种分布区域,同时使用InVEST模型对生境质量进行评估,最后将绿色空间、关键物种适生区、生境质量分布进行叠加,分析昆明中心城区绿色空间的生物多样性分布格局。结果显示：生物多样性热点分布区占中心城区面积的38%,占中心城区绿色空间面积的89.5%。高生境质量绿色空间及核心绿色空间主要分布在城郊山地区域,整体性较强。关键物种分布绿色空间主要分布在建成区内城市绿地、河流或水面周围,分布较为零散。研究结果为城市绿色空间未来规划中的保护与发展提供了新的思路和理论支撑。     

基于全生命周期的城市小尺度绿地碳平衡

小尺度绿地在城市绿地中分布广、数量多,在全球应对碳排放问题的大背景下对于达成“碳中和”目标具有重要价值。鉴于既有城市小尺度绿地低碳设计缺乏系统性的指导与流程,以景观碳排放和碳汇为切入点,对景观材料生产、景观建造、景观日常使用和景观维护管理全过程进行分析,将小尺度绿地在景观全生命周期中各个阶段的碳排放和碳汇过程进行量化计算比较,认为景观营建中要侧重高固碳地被植物模式的选取和低碳材料的运用,筛选出6种乡土高固碳地被植物群落配置模式,可用于小尺度绿地增加碳汇,减少景观维护管理中的碳排放。提出改善城市小尺度绿地碳平衡的设计及营建方法,总结针对城市小尺度绿地增加碳汇、减少碳排放的关键性策略,为绿色碳汇网络构建提供科学依据与实践指导。     

基于InVEST-MCR复合模型的城市 绿色空间生境网络格局构建研究

城市化进程的不断加快影响了城市绿色空间的生境质量,城市生物多样性受到极大威胁。构建城市范围内的多物种综合生境网络能够整合现有的城市绿色空间格局,促进生物多样性保护与发育。以北京市丰台区为例,面向生物多样性保护与城市绿色空间发展提出了基于In VEST-MCR复合模型的城市绿色空间生境网络格局构建方法体系:即以生境类型为导向选取区域内生物多样性保护的焦点物种,通过大数据选取焦点物种的栖息源地,基于In VEST模型生境质量模块选取潜在栖息地(汇)并生成生境网络构建阻力面,采用最小累计阻力模型(MCR)构建丰台区城市绿色空间生境网络。研究结果明确了丰台区的生境质量现状与未来生境网络发展脉络,为城市绿色空间生境网络构建提供了新方法,为丰台区绿地空间格局规划与生物多样性保护提供了参考框架。     

Research on the Greening Rate and Spatial Differences of Urban Residential Neighborhoods in Shenzhen

Residential green spaces are one of the most frequently used urban green space types. Aiming at filling a gap in the existing greening indicators with considerations on the spatial differences of residential green spaces, as well as to inform the improvement of urban green space service, three greening indicators, i.e. residential unit’s green coverage rate, green view index, and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, are proposed in this paper. This study selects 14,196 residential units in built area of Shenzhen City in 2017 to measure the greening rate and the geographic spatial factors of the units upon multi-sourced geographic databases such as land cover maps and street view images. The research reveals that: 1) the three indicators can all independently measure the greening rate within or around residential units; 2) the studied residential units are low in residential unit’s green coverage rate and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, but high in green view index; 3) there are significant disparities of the greening rate and the surrounding parks in 500 m service radius among the studied units, and among different housing property rights, showing a disequilibrium in green space service; and 4) the greening rate of residential units is mainly impacted by factors such as development intensity, types of housing property right, altitude, and location. In conclusion, it is suggested that urban green space layout should prioritize improving the spatial distribution and layout of residential green spaces, especially for the socially vulnerable population. Finally, the study points out that the park ratio within a 500 m service radius can be adopted as a supplement to existing greening indicators for residential areas.     

基于生态系统服务协同优化的生态空间划定及弹性分级策略--以山东省栖霞市为例

生态空间的各项生态系统服务之间存在权衡与协同关系,以提供多项生态系统服务或生态产品为主导功能的生态空间规划本质上是空间约束下的多目标弹性决策的过程。利用地理模拟与优化系统(GeoSOS)空间优化技术平台,以多项生态系统服务协同优化为目标,提出兼顾空间系统性的生态空间划定及弹性分级策略。以山东省栖霞市为例,利用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估(InVEST)模型实现生物多样性维持、水资源供给和气体调节3项主导生态系统服务的测算,基于空间优化技术和多情景分析,划定了4种类型的生态空间并针对性地提出了弹性分级管控建议,分别是系统保护、刚性管控,稳定结构、限制开发,生态储备、适度开发,优化服务、弹性管控。可为后续生态管控策略的制定以及分区规划提供理论依据。