HT-6B上的硬X射线测量

HT-6B托卡马克一直对各种放电状态下硬X射线的辐射强度进行着常规监测。在HT-6B低q运行期间,测量并比较了放电不同阶段的硬X射线能谱,对硬X射线的锯齿振荡同软X射线的锯齿振荡做了对照分析。在最近HT-6B低杂波电流驱动实验中。同时观测了从等离子体内部发射的硬X射线和限制器上的厚靶轫致辐射。初步的分析表明它们产生于不同的发射机制。     

HT-6B上的硬X射线测量(英文)

HT-6B托卡马克一直对各种放电状态下硬X射线的辐射强度进行着常规监测。在HT-6B低q运行期间,测量并比较了放电不同阶段的硬X射线能谱,对硬X射线的锯齿振荡同软X射线的锯齿振荡做了对照分析。在最近HT-6B低杂波电流驱动实验中,同时观测了从等离子体内部发射的硬X射线和限制器上的厚靶轫致辐射。初步的分析表明它们产生于不同的发射机制。     

HT-6M托卡马克X射线剂量场的研究

本文对HT-6M托卡马克装置在运行时所产生的X射线剂量,能量进行了测量研究。真空空环表面剂量较大,变化范围:2.3×10~2～1.6×10~4mSv;大厅剂量变化范围(距环表面2m外)0～1.8×10~2mSv。测量表明,X射线能量是比较宽的连续谱,并且随测量位置和方向的不同而有一定变化。经实验估计能量≤500keV的X射线约占85%左右。本文给出的剂量数据为装置正常运行提供了防护和安全评价的依据。     

软X射线激光用分束镜研究

软X射线干涉测量是通过软X射线激光经过马赫-詹德干涉仪完成的，是测量驱动激光临界面附近等离子体状态的重要方法。本基于软X射线多层膜的性能特点，指出软X射线干涉测量的干涉仪各光学元件的入射角越接近正入射越好，分束镜的设计应以其反射率和透过率的乘积为衡量标准。用离子束溅射法制作了类镍银13．9nm软X射线激光干涉测量所需的分束镜，实测表明其面形精度达到纳米量级，反射率和透过率乘积大于1．6％。     

双光束低能单色X光机及其性能测试

软X和超软X射线辐射测量在核物理、高能物理、天体物理、核爆炸及受控热核聚变研究中起着重要作用。近年来,这些工作在国内外发展相当迅速,相继出现了多种探测器和新的诊断手段。但是这需要单色软X射线源作为刻度源和信号源,能量低于5keV以下,半衰期较长的源已找不到。在国外曾采用高能加速器中带电粒子的同步辐射作为软X和超软X射线源,但需要将探测系统搬到同步回旋辐射中心进行刻度或标定。这不仅费用高昂而且也未必方便,因此,研制在实验室内使用的小型低能X射线源是可取的,在国外相继研制了冷阴极X射线源、低能质子打靶X射线源、小型激光束打靶X时线     

乳腺X射线空气比释动能标准装置的研究

基于医用乳腺X射线诊断机,设计建造了乳腺X射线参考辐射装置。通过拟合法测得各辐射质下的半值层,实验结果表明辐射质达到既定要求。利用溯源至低能X射线空气比释动能基准的RC6M作为标准电离室,得到了乳腺X射线参考辐射场的空气比释动能率,实现了乳腺X射线半导体剂量仪的校准。     

AXUV探测器标定及受辐照响应衰减研究

在EAST和HT-7装置上,具有宽能谱响应的AXUV光电二极管探测器主要用于辐射功率的绝对测量。探测器在经历多轮等离子体放电中的累积辐照效应后,观察到其表面发生变化。为了解探测器响应衰减程度,设计了相对标定实验,分别采用标准可见光光源和软X射线管作为标定光源,对EAST和HT-7实验中经历过不同放电次数的5个探测器进行了标定。标定结果表明,AXUV探测器在经历了EAST上约25 000次的等离子体放电累积辐照后,其在软X射线能段的响应下降约15%。而探测器在可见光能段的辐照损伤效应主要表现为同一个探测器不同通道之间对可见光响应的不一致性加剧。结合探测器在等离子体放电辐射场中的几何参数,对探测器受到的累积辐照剂量进行了估算。     

软X射线诊断冷却测试平台设计

软X射线物理诊断普遍应用于托卡马克聚变装置。在实验时,上限温度仅为75℃的软X射线诊断探测器将处于250℃的环境温度中,因此冷却系统不可或缺。本文分析了软X射线诊断探测器在运行时将受到的热负荷功率,并依据计算结果及实验时的冷却条件,创造性的设计了采用水、氦气混合制冷方式的冷却测试平台。所进行的测试结果表明,平台运行稳定,不仅能够很好的满足软X射线诊断的冷却需求,同时也为其它聚变诊断冷却系统的设计提供借鉴。     

热释光探测器在脉冲硬X射线能谱测量中的应用

介绍了TLD－3500热释光读出器和GR－100M型热释光剂量片构成的探测器在脉冲硬X射线辐射参数测量中的应用。详细论述了采用滤波荧光法与热释光探测器相结合测量10－10keV的硬X射线能谱的物理思想，在综合考虑了测量环境的具体情况下，设计研制了硬X射线测量系统，建立了热释光探测器对硬X射线绝对能量响应的标定方法。该方法已成功用于脉冲辐射装置“强光1号”的测量，并得到了实测数据。     

北京同步辐射软X射线装置与软X射线探测器标定

软X射线计量标准的建立和软X射线探测器标定是目前国内急需解决的课题，本简单介绍了两套北京同步辐射软X射线装置，它们主要用于软X射线光学元件测量和软X射线探测元、器件的标定。另外给出了近年来在软X射线测量装置上开展的计量标准和探测器标定方面的研究结果。     

用于ICF软X光能谱仪时标系统的功分器研制

在ICF软X光能谱仪诊断实验中,为了将能谱仪各通道输出的纳秒尺度测量信号在时间上精确关联,需要测试系统提供定时精度好于200ps多路一致的时标信号.为此研制了无源纯电阻8路功分器来提供时标信号,通过对其性能进行的测试,表明该功分器基本满足现有物理实验要求.同时对功分器的进一步改进进行了分析,提出了解决方案.     

Surface contamination of the charge－coupled device

An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned.backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested.A transmission grating spectrometer(TGS),in which the transmission grating is coupled to a thinned.backside illuminated charge coupled device,is used to measure the continuum X-ray emission from the end of cylindrical target irradiated by laser.In the meausred spectra,only the carbon K absorption edge at wavelength of 4.4nm due to condensation of the vacuum oil on the CCD surface is clearly seen.The surface contamination is considered as an effective “carbon filter” and the filter absorption to correct the quantum efficiency of the CCD camera is taken into account.The effective thickness of the carbon filter is determined by comparing the jump height of the measured spectra at 4.4nm with those of the carbon absorption coefficient curves obtained from various carbon thickness.The accuracy of this method is tested by comparing the X-ray spectrum measured by the TGS with that obtained by a soft X-ray spectrometer.     

Design of Time-Resolved Shifted Dual Transmission Grating Spectrometer for the X-Ray Spectrum Diagnostics

A new time-resolved shifted dual transmission grating spectrometer(SDTGS) is designed and fabricated in this work. This SDTGS uses a new shifted dual transmission grating(SDTG) as its dispersive component, which has two sub transmission gratings with different line densities, of 2000 lines/mm and 5000 lines/mm. The axes of the two sub transmission gratings in SDTG are horizontally and vertically shifted a certain distance to measure a broad range of 0.1–5 keV time-resolved X-ray spectra. The SDTG has been calibrated with a soft X-ray beam of the synchrotron radiation facility and its diffraction efficiency is also measured. The designed SDTGS can take full use of the space on a record panel and improve the precision for measuring spatial and temporal spectrum simultaneously. It will be a promising application for accurate diagnosis of the soft X-ray spectrum in inertial confinement fusion.     

ROSS滤片法测量软X光谱强度

介绍了ROSS滤片差分法基本原理,给出了ROSS滤片差分对的理论设计及实际应用分对的响应函数计算结果。并用此方法获得了激光等离子体发射软X光谱的绝对强度测量值。最后对软X光谱测量值进行了误庆功分析和估算。     

The Experiment of Modulated Toroidal Current on HT-7 and HT-6M Tokamak

The Experiments of Modulated Toroidal Current were done on the HT-6M tokamak and HT-7 superconducting tokamak. The toroidal current was modulated by programming the Ohmic heating field. Modulation of the plasma current has been used successfully to suppress MHD activity in discharges near the density limit where large MHD m = 2 tearing modes were suppressed by sufficiently large plasma current oscillations. The improved Ohmic confinement phase was observed during modulating toroidal current (MTC) on the Hefei Tokamak-6M (HT-6M) and Hefei superconducting Tokamak-7 (HT-7). A toroidal frequency-modulated current, induced by a modulated loop voltage, was added on the plasma equilibrium current. The ratio of A.C. amplitude of plasma current to the main plasma current △Ip/Ip is about 12% ～ 30%. The different formats of the frequency-modulated toroidal current were compared.     

吸收法在强激光与固体靶所致脉冲X射线能谱测量中的研究进展北大核心CSCD

脉冲X射线能谱测量,对于强激光装置中的物理诊断以及辐射防护具有重要意义。脉冲X射线具有脉冲时间短、注量大、能谱范围宽等特点,常规脉冲测量技术往往受到探测器死时间、堆积效应的限制而无法适用。目前多个国家都建立了强激光装置的研究平台,并开展X射线能谱测量相关研究。本文首先介绍了基于吸收法原理且适用于中低能脉冲X射线的测量方法:Ross Pair法和衰减法。然后针对这两种方法从5个方面(探测器结构、滤片材料、探测介质选择、散射控制以及解谱方法)综述了脉冲X射线吸收谱仪的研究进展,并分析了各自的适用性。目前激光装置中脉冲X射线能谱的测量还面临着能量分辨率不理想、结果不确定度无法量化和被动式能谱测量操作不便等问题。随着激光装置的不断升级,脉冲X射线注量以及打靶频次将不断增加,对探测器的耐辐照性能以及响应速度提出了更高的要求。     

A novel compact Tokamak Hard X-ray diagnostic detector

A compact X-ray detector based on the lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate scintillator(LYSO) and silicon photomultiplier(Si PM) has been designed and fabricated for the hard X-ray diagnosis on the HL_2A and HL_2M Tokamak devices. The LYSO scintillator and Si PM in small dimensions were combined in a heat shrink tube package, making the detector compact and integrative. The Monte Carlo particle transport simulation tool,Geant4, was utilized for the design of the detector for the hard X-ray from 10 keV to 200 keV and the best structure scheme was presented. Finally, the detector was used to measure the photon spectrum of a ~(137)Cs gamma source with a pre-amplifier and a multichannel amplitude analyzer. The measured spectrum is consistent with the theoretic spectrum, it has shown that the energy resolution of the detector is less than 14.8% at an energy of 662 keV.     

单球中子谱仪的能量响应模拟及解谱方法研究

本文阐述了单球中子谱仪的原理,介绍了基于单慢化球和19对⁶Li-⁷Li闪烁体探测器构成的单球中子谱仪的结构及解谱方法,使用蒙特卡罗中子输运程序模拟了单球中子谱仪的中子响应函数。计算结果表明,该谱仪具有较好的空间对称性,能根据谱仪中各探测器的计数对源的大致方位进行判断;模拟了单球谱仪在²⁴¹Am-Be源照射下各探测器的计数,使用Unfolding with Maxed and Gravel (UMG)解谱程序在不同解谱算法以及初始谱的情况下对模拟数据进行解谱计算,在使用最大熵散发以及与源项相同的预置谱的情况下,解谱结果最为准确,验证了响应函数的准确性。     

蒙特卡罗方法模拟反符合屏蔽γ谱仪

本文用蒙特卡罗方法模拟反符合屏蔽γ谱仪中γ射线、电子及其二者级联簇射,给出了探测效率、沉积能谱、响应函数和能量分辨。计算结果同实验相符。可为设计反符合屏蔽γ谱仪提供理论数据。     

Energy spectra measurements of X-ray emission from electron interaction in a dense plasma focus device

Electrons generated during a pinch implosion in a hollow anode Mather-like plasma focus device (PF) are considered as a possible X-ray source via the impinging of those particles on medium and high-Z targets. A usual PF device has been slightly modified to optimise the X-ray production and their measurements by means of a suitable and non-invasive spectrometer. This ensemble allows measurements of X-rays generated booth by electrons turning back to the anode and by target collision of the so-called relativistic electron beam. The spectrum of the emitted photons is evaluated by using a differential absorption based technique. The X-ray spectrometer consists of a stack of LiF dosimeters which act both as detectors and filters to give curves of attenuated intensities. Finally, the energy distribution is calculated from such attenuation curves using an iterative procedure based on spectral algebra formalism.