飞灰沉积行为与粒度分布关系的研究

针对Shell煤气化装置合成气冷却器段出现的积灰与堵灰现象,选取Shell煤气化飞灰(SH)与电厂飞灰(DH),利用Shell煤气化冷态模拟装置采集沉积于器壁的飞灰样品,并采用激光粒度分析仪进行粒度分布的研究。结果表明:DH飞灰粒度大于SH飞灰,喷射时间相同时,DH飞灰沉积质量大于SH飞灰,且DH飞灰与SH飞灰分别在沉积30 s与60 s时D 50为最大值,其他喷射时间下D50相差不大,随着喷射时间的延长,DH飞灰颗粒(0～5μm)与SH飞灰颗粒(0～1μm)含量不断增多,DH飞灰颗粒(38～75μm)百分含量与SH飞灰颗粒(38～75μm)百分含量分别在沉积30 s与60 s时为最大值。     

火力发电厂燃煤飞灰润湿性能

化学团聚是控制燃煤电厂细微颗粒排放最有效的方法之一。颗粒物被团聚剂润湿是化学团聚的首要步骤。以小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰为对象,采用激光粒度仪研究了燃煤飞灰在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和Triton X 100(TX100)三种润湿剂溶液中的润湿性能,考察了润湿剂浓度、温度对燃煤飞灰润湿性能的影响。结果表明：水仅能将飞灰颗粒中的PM^₁₀+部分全部润湿,0.25%的SDS溶液中PM_2.5⁺可全部润湿,1%的SDS及0.4%的SDBS溶液中PM₁⁺可全部润湿;TX100溶液在低浓度条件下具有较强的润湿飞灰颗粒的能力,且0.1%的TX100溶液对细微颗粒的润湿性能较好;温度从20℃上升到60℃,润湿剂溶液表面张力降低,飞灰的润湿性能增强。鉴于飞灰在三种润湿剂中良好的润湿性能,三种润湿剂均可作为团聚剂组分以促进燃煤飞灰中的细微颗粒润湿进而被团聚成为容易脱除的大颗粒。     

循环流化床中烟气飞灰汞迁移规律

在小型热态循环流化床试验台上进行褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧试验,研究3种典型煤的烟气气态汞和飞灰颗粒汞迁移规律。试验结果表明:褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤在燃烧过程中,炉膛温度、空截面风速、给煤量以及煤颗粒大小变化时,汞元素在烟气和飞灰之间的迁移规律相似;降低炉膛密相区温度和增大炉膛空截面风速可促进烟气气态总汞HgT(g)迁移到飞灰颗粒汞Hg(p)中,同时也促进烟气气态零价汞Hg0(g)向烟气气态二价汞Hg2+(g)和Hg(p)转化;增加给煤量,烟气气态总汞HgT(g)和烟气气态零价汞Hg0(g)减少,飞灰颗粒汞Hg(p)含量增加,并且影响Hg0(g)的转化;选择合适的煤颗粒粒度可以促进Hg0(g)的转化以及HgT(g)向Hg(p)迁移。随燃烧工况的变化,3种煤HgT(g)、Hg(p)和Hg0(g)含量变化趋势相似,但含量相差较大,Hg0(g)占HgT(g)的比例y值也不同,其中无烟煤的y值高于烟煤和褐煤的y值。     

飞灰酸碱性对二噁英从头合成的影响

飞灰表面的酸碱性对二噁英的从头合成反应影响较大,不仅能够改变二噁英的生成量,而且对二噁英同分异构体的分布也存在一定的影响。本文通过在实验室可控条件下添加不同比例的Ca(H₂PO₄)₂和CaO酸碱性物质,改变模拟飞灰表面的pH,研究不同酸碱性对二噁英从头合成反应的影响。研究表明,添加5%(质量)的Ca(H₂PO₄)₂时,飞灰表面的pH由原始的5.5下降至4.3,二噁英总量增加,而毒性当量基本不变;添加20%(质量)的Ca(H₂PO₄)₂时,pH降低到3.6,生成的二噁英总量和毒性当量均下降;而添加0.4%(质量)、5%(质量)和20%(质量)的CaO调节pH至9.8、12.4和12.6时,二噁英总量及毒性当量均有减少。因此,飞灰表面碱性环境较酸性环境对二噁英从头合成反应的抑制效果好。此外,本文还研究实际焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英总量与碱酸比的相关性,结果表明流化床飞灰中二噁英总量与碱酸比的相关系数高达0.95,而炉排炉飞灰中两者之间不存在相关性。     

煤粉炉和循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附汞动力学及其吸附机制

在固定床吸附反应器内对两台300MW等级燃煤发电机组循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品进行气相零价汞吸附实验,通过改变实验工况研究温度、入口汞浓度和入口气体流量对飞灰汞吸附能力的影响。采用颗粒内扩散模型、准一阶和准二阶动力学模型、耶洛维奇(Elovich)模型对实验数据分别进行拟合,从动力学的角度探讨两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞吸附的影响机制以及两种锅炉飞灰与气相零价汞之间吸附动力学行为差异。结果表明:相同工况下循环流化床锅炉飞灰汞吸附过程的穿透时间和平衡吸附量远大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。吸附温度为150℃时,两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞的平衡吸附量最大。由于外扩散阻力随气体入口流量的增加而减小,入口汞浓度的增加可提高传质推动力,飞灰对汞的吸附得以增强。动力学分析表明飞灰的零价汞吸附由外扩散、内扩散和表面化学吸附共同控制,其中表面化学吸附是该吸附过程中的控制步骤;准二阶动力学模型和Elovich动力学模型更适合于描述该吸附过程。相同实验条件下,循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附过程拟合所得的颗粒内扩散系数、准一阶动力学常数和初始吸附速率均大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。     

一种新型受热面飞灰颗粒的沉积特性

以一种余热锅炉中新型的受热面为研究对象,采用实验研究和数值模拟的方法研究其飞灰沉积特性。建立了菱形受热面飞灰颗粒的沉积模型,对飞灰颗粒的反弹、黏附及脱落过程进行预测,并与叉排管束和顺排管束的含灰烟气流的速度场、温度场和飞灰颗粒沉积率进行比较。结果表明,菱形受热面在换热和飞灰沉积方面优势明显。沉积主要集中于受热面左上部,颗粒由于惯性碰撞在迎风侧沉积。相同速度下,随颗粒粒径增加沉积率先增大后减小,在3 m·s~(-1)的烟气流速下颗粒直径为5μm时飞灰颗粒沉积率最高,为9.49%。保持粒径不变,随速度增大沉积率逐渐降低。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰物化特性动态分析

以某一垃圾焚烧电厂2017年内不同时期产生的焚烧飞灰为研究对象,对其进行较系统性、动态的物化特性分析。结果表明:焚烧飞灰粉体白度约46、密度约1.88 g/cm~3、颗粒的粒径D50、D90分别约为25μm与76μm。粉体颗粒无固定的形态结构,其中可见针状结构、板片结构与方柱状颗粒。焚烧飞灰中存在氯化钾(KCl)、氯化钠(NaCl)、氧化钙(CaO)、碳酸钙(CaCO_3)等,其主体元素含量分布特征为钙(Ca)>氯(Cl)>钠(Na)>钾(K)>硅(Si)>锌(Zn),同时垃圾焚烧飞灰中含多种重金属元素,且重金属在所检样品中的量化顺序是铅(Pb)>铜(Cu)>铬(Cr)>镉(Cd)。本课题工作可为垃圾焚烧飞灰固废的多元化、绿色化、资源化的利用提供积极的技术支撑与理论指导。     

低温省煤器飞灰沉积阻塞机理分析及结构优化

针对热电厂低温省煤器发生飞灰沉积阻塞炉管间隙的情况,本文采用剪切力传递（SST）k-ω湍流模型和离散粒子模型（DPM）分析飞灰颗粒沉积行为,预测省煤器中支撑梁附近的沉积动态,进而对支撑梁上方翅片布置结构进行优化和流场分析。结果表明：省煤器中由于支撑梁和上方翅片的存在,飞灰颗粒会在支撑梁上表面进行沉积。在脱硝条件下,硫酸氢铵增加了飞灰间的黏结力,加剧了黏附沉积,进而积灰不断地向上累积增长并造成堵塞。通过改变支撑梁上方的翅片布置结构,可改变支撑板附近的烟气流动规律。对于烟气中的绝大部分飞灰颗粒（d_p>40μm）,其所受到的惯性作用占据主导地位,与壁面有着较大的撞击率。通过改变炉管上翅片的布置方式,增加飞灰颗粒横向移动的能力,对支撑梁上的沉积堵塞有着较好的改善作用。     

修文煤飞灰黏附特性对Shell煤气化的影响

粉煤灰的黏附特性是衡量燃料煤是否适用于锅炉燃烧的重要指标之一,黏附特性不仅和粉煤灰的化学成分、粒度分布相关,还与粉煤灰的表面形貌和元素组成等特性密切相关。本文主要针对修文煤在Shell气化炉所产生的粉煤灰,利用XRF、激光粒度分析仪、SEM-EDX等仪器对Shell气化炉产生的粉煤灰样品进行了分析测定,从而分析探讨飞灰的粒度分布、化学成分、表面形貌和元素组成等特性对其黏附特性的影响,揭密飞灰黏附特性对Shell气化炉产生影响的实质。     

煤粉炉和循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附汞动力学及其吸附机制

在固定床吸附反应器内对两台300MW等级燃煤发电机组循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品进行气相零价汞吸附实验,通过改变实验工况研究温度、入口汞浓度和入口气体流量对飞灰汞吸附能力的影响。采用颗粒内扩散模型、准一阶和准二阶动力学模型、耶洛维奇（Elovich）模型对实验数据分别进行拟合,从动力学的角度探讨两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞吸附的影响机制以及两种锅炉飞灰与气相零价汞之间吸附动力学行为差异。结果表明：相同工况下循环流化床锅炉飞灰汞吸附过程的穿透时间和平衡吸附量远大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。吸附温度为150℃时,两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞的平衡吸附量最大。由于外扩散阻力随气体入口流量的增加而减小,入口汞浓度的增加可提高传质推动力,飞灰对汞的吸附得以增强。动力学分析表明飞灰的零价汞吸附由外扩散、内扩散和表面化学吸附共同控制,其中表面化学吸附是该吸附过程中的控制步骤;准二阶动力学模型和Elovich动力学模型更适合于描述该吸附过程。相同实验条件下,循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附过程拟合所得的颗粒内扩散系数、准一阶动力学常数和初始吸附速率均大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。