基于多基站IMMKF-DOA辅助车辆协同定位算法研究

针对传统卡尔曼滤波算法在进行车辆实时运动过程中难以精准定位问题,提出一种基于运动状态自适应的交互多模型卡尔曼滤波(Interacting multiple model Kalman filter,IMMKF)与多基站到达方向(Direction-of-arrival,DOA)相融合进行车辆位置实时估计算法。基于无偏估计器对测量噪声协方差进行实时更新并将其嵌入标准卡尔曼滤波算法中实现自适应交互多模型卡尔曼滤波。针对车辆不同运动状态及动态行驶环境对车辆定位估计精度的影响,构建自适应交互多模型卡尔曼滤波器与多基站信息融合算法进行车辆位置实时估计,考虑不同车速与不同基站数等行驶工况下车辆定位精度的变化趋势,实现车辆实时位置的准确估计。利用PreScan-Simulink联合仿真平台进行虚拟仿真验证和实车试验验证。结果表明,基于交互多模型卡尔曼滤波与到达方向角的融合算法相对标准的卡尔曼滤波估计精度高,较好地改善了传统单一模型的卡尔曼滤波算法在进行车辆实时运动状态估计过程中精准定位问题,实车试验验证了提出算法对车辆定位精度较传统卡尔曼滤波算法的精度提高了一个数量级,实现了更精确的车辆位置估计。     

Enhancing particle image tracking performance with a sequential Monte Carlo method: The bootstrap filter

One of the common problems of current pattern match and particle image tracking algorithms is the deployment of constant velocity assumption for particle motion between two frames, which would result in serious errors when high velocity gradient flows are measured. To address this issue, a new particle image tracking method—bootstrap filter tracking is proposed. In this new method, a simple nonlinear dynamic model which takes particle acceleration into account is employed and a sequential Monte Carlo method—bootstrap filter is used in conjunction with pattern match algorithm to strengthen the particle image tracking performance. By using the nonlinear system model and bootstrap filter, particle location at next time step can be predicted accurately and the new method is able to measure high velocity gradient flows with better performance than the traditional particle image tracking algorithms. This new method is validated by using numerically generated particle images. Its accuracy in terms of particle image density, out-of-plane displacement and displacement gradient is compared with the Kalman filter tracking (Takehara et al., 2000 [34]) and the Super-PIV (Keane et al., 1995 [30]) methods. The three algorithms are also compared by using a set of real turbulent jet images. The test results demonstrate that the bootstrap filter tracking method is superior than the Kalman filter tracking and the Super-PIV methods for measuring low density, high velocity gradient flows.     

多传感器融合在移动机器人运动控制中的应用

本文提出一种基于T-S模型的变结构模糊神经网络直接逆模型控制器，并将其应用于移动机器人的运动控制中。利用光电编码器进行自定位。同时，用扩展卡尔曼滤波器融合多个超声波传感器的测量值，并采用回塑算法，将融合值用于复位光电编码器，不仅消除了光电编码器累积误差的影响，并能满足实时控制的要求。仿真实验说明了该方法的有效性。     

基于粒子滤波跟踪方法研究

文章针对道路上的车辆跟踪问题,提出了粒子滤波跟踪算法。粒子滤波通过非参数化的蒙特卡罗模拟方法来实现递推贝叶斯滤波,适用于任何能用状态空间模型表示的非线性系统,以及传统卡尔曼滤波无法表示的非线性系统,精度可以逼进最优估计。粒子滤波方法的使用非常灵活,容易实现,具有并行结构,实用性强。文章的主要研究内容包括粒子滤波理论及其实现方法;利用粒子滤波理论来解决目标跟踪问题,构建基于粒子滤波的跟踪框架。     

Comparative analysis of the efficiency of the Kalman filter and particle filter in solving the problem of object tracking in a seismic security system

Algorithms of filtration of trajectory points with the use of the Kalman filter and particle filter are studied from the viewpoint of object tracking in a seismic security system. A comparative analysis of the algorithms is performed in terms of the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the object trajectory points and computational complexity.     

基于改进卡尔曼滤波的叉车载重快速准确估计方法

针对工作环境恶劣、操作工况复杂的伸缩臂叉车载重实时快速准确估计需求,对伸缩臂叉车的载重估计数学模型及其求解算法进行了研究。首先,利用叉车现有功能模块中已装配的各类传感器,提出并分析了三种载重估计方案,在综合比较各方案的优缺点之后,确定并建立了基于动力学原理的载重估计数学模型;然后,将载重作为估计系统的状态变量,将液压系统压力、臂架变幅角度和伸缩臂伸缩长度等实时信号作为测量值,将基于转动定律建立的载重计算公式作为状态变量与测量值之间的观测方程,运用卡尔曼滤波算法对该数学模型进行求解;同时,为解决卡尔曼滤波算法在递推过程中状态变量发生改变从而导致大量新测量数据对状态变量失去校正能力的问题,提出了一种基于改进卡尔曼滤波的载重估计算法;最后,对某企业超长载重伸缩臂叉车进行了不同载重的离线试验和在线试验。研究结果表明：对于454 kg的轻载荷,该算法的估计结果的最大绝对误差小于91 kg,而对于1100 kg、2268 kg、3368 kg和4536 kg的重载荷,其平均绝对百分比误差小于3%;趋于稳定估计值的响应时间可在1 s之内,完全优于实际应用需求。该方法模型简单、可移植强,可推广应用到起...     

基于NACKF的分布式驱动电动汽车轮胎侧向力与质心侧偏角估计

针对传统容积卡尔曼滤波算法在进行车辆关键状态估计时要求噪声统计特性已知的问题,提出一种噪声自适应容积卡尔曼滤波（Noise adaptive cubature Kalman filter, NACKF）算法来进行车辆关键状态的估计。基于次优无偏极大后验估计器对量测噪声协方差进行实时更新并将其嵌入到标准容积卡尔曼算法中实现自适应容积卡尔曼滤波。针对车辆不同子系统间耦合特性对滤波精度的影响,构建双重自适应容积卡尔曼滤波器分别进行侧向力与质心侧偏角的估计,两者在估计过程中互为输入构成闭环反馈,利用分布式模块化结构弱化系统耦合特性对估计精度的影响,实现轮胎侧向力与质心侧偏角的实时准确估计。利用Simulink-Carsim联合仿真平台进行仿真验证和实车试验验证。结果表明,基于双重自适应容积卡尔曼滤波的估计算法相对标准容积卡尔曼滤波估计精度更高,较好地改善了传统容积卡尔曼滤波器在噪声先验统计特性未知条件下非线性滤波精度下降的问题。     

非线性滤波方法及其在故障诊断中的应用

传统的滤波方法一般基于线性化和高斯假设,在一定程度上影响了滤波精度和非线性系统故障诊断的准确率。该文从"近似非线性"和"近似概率"的方法入手,分析3种常用的非线性滤波算法:扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)、U-卡尔曼滤波器(UKF)以及粒子滤波器(PF)的原理、方法及特点并介绍其在非线性故障诊断中的应用价值。     

Comparison of Linearized Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filter for Satellite Motion States Estimation

The performance of the conventional Kalman filter depends on process and measurement noise statistics given by the system model and measurements.The conventional Kalman filter is usually used for a linear system,but it should not be used for estimating the state of a nonlinear system such as a satellite motion because it is difficult to obtain the desired estimation results.The linearized Kalman filtering approach and the extended Kalman filtering approach have been proposed for a general nonlinear system.The equations of satellite motion are described.The satellite motion states are estimated,and the relevant estimation errors are calculated through the estimation algorithms of the both above mentioned approaches implemented in Matlab are estimated.The performances of the extended Kalman filter and the linearized Kalman filter are compared.The simulation results show that the extended Kalman filter is much better than the linearized Kalman filter at the aspect of estimation effect.     

Innovation sequence application to aircraft sensor fault detection: comparison of checking covariance matrix algorithms

In this paper, the algorithms verifying the covariance matrix of the Kalman filter innovation sequence are compared with respect to detected minimum fault rate and detection time. Four algorithms are dealt with; the algorithm verifying the trace of the covariance matrix of the innovation sequence, the algorithm verifying the sum of all elements of the inverse covariance matrix of the innovation sequence, the optimal algorithm verifying the ratio of two quadratic forms of which matrices are theoretic and selected covariance matrices of Kalman filter innovation sequence, and the algorithm verifying the generalized variance of the covariance matrix of the innovation sequence. The algorithms are implemented for longitudinal dynamics of an aircraft to detect sensor faults, and some suggestions are given on the use of the algorithms in flight control systems.     

融合自适应卡尔曼和小波的MEMS陀螺去噪方法

为提高MEMS陀螺仪信号的测量精度,提出一种融合卡尔曼和小波的MEMS陀螺仪自适应抗野值去噪方法。卡尔曼滤波中根据信息对干扰数据进行实时检测,通过修正增益或状态的一步预测值抑制野值对滤波精度的影响,然后利用小波分析对滤波后的陀螺仪信号的低频、高频分量同时进行阈值处理。实验表明该方法去噪效果优于卡尔曼滤波和Visushrink,陀螺仪x、y、z轴零偏不稳定性在该方法下比卡尔曼滤波分别提高了31.0%、29.3%、30.5%,比Visushrink分别提高了2.4%、12.1%、12.4%。     

Distributed and decentralized state estimation in gas networks as distributed parameter systems

In this paper, a framework for distributed and decentralized state estimation in high-pressure and long-distance gas transmission networks (GTNs) is proposed. The non-isothermal model of the plant including mass, momentum and energy balance equations are used to simulate the dynamic behavior. Due to several disadvantages of implementing a centralized Kalman filter for large-scale systems, the continuous/discrete form of extended Kalman filter for distributed and decentralized estimation (DDE) has been extended for these systems. Accordingly, the global model is decomposed into several subsystems, called local models. Some heuristic rules are suggested for system decomposition in gas pipeline networks. In the construction of local models, due to the existence of common states and interconnections among the subsystems, the assimilation and prediction steps of the Kalman filter are modified to take the overlapping and external states into account. However, dynamic Riccati equation for each subsystem is constructed based on the local model, which introduces a maximum error of 5% in the estimated standard deviation of the states in the benchmarks studied in this paper. The performance of the proposed methodology has been shown based on the comparison of its accuracy and computational demands against their counterparts in centralized Kalman filter for two viable benchmarks. In a real life network, it is shown that while the accuracy is not significantly decreased, the real-time factor of the state estimation is increased by a factor of 10.     

一种快速GPS/DR组合导航系统状态估计算法研究

无轨迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)技术在非线性系统(GPS/DR车载组合导航系统)的状态估计中取得了比扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)更好的滤波精度和收敛速度.为了进一步减少采样点数目,提高UKF滤波实时性,一组n+2个采样点被构造用于逼近系统状态分布.蒙特卡洛仿真表明RUKF和UKF在滤波精度和收敛速度上是一致的,RUKF的计算效率好于UKF.     

Modified Smith predictor for frequency identification and disturbance rejection of single sinusoidal signal

This paper presents a frequency identification and disturbance rejection scheme for open loop stable time delay systems with disturbance containing a constant signal and a single sinusoidal signal. Astrom’s modified Smith predictor is employed to maintain good setpoint tracking performance. Disturbance rejection controller is designed via internal model control principle and functions as a finite dimensional repetitive controller. Extended Kalman filter is designed to track the frequency of unknown periodic disturbance. The simulation results demonstrate the successful performance of the proposed disturbance rejection method for controlling a linear system with time delays, subjected to both step and sinusoidal disturbances.     

Particle and Kalman filtering for state estimation and control of DC motors

State estimation is a major problem in industrial systems. To this end, Gaussian and nonparametric filters have been developed. In this paper the Kalman Filter, which assumes Gaussian measurement noise, is compared to the Particle Filter, which does not make any assumption on the measurement noise distribution. As a case study the estimation of the state vector of a DC motor is used. The reconstructed state vector is used in a feedback control loop to generate the control input of the DC motor. In simulation tests it was observed that for a large number of particles the Particle Filter could succeed in accurately estimating the motor’s state vector, but at the same time it required higher computational effort.     

Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波的红外多个弱目标检测前跟踪

针对红外图像低信噪比下数目可变的多个弱目标的检测与跟踪问题,提出了基于Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波器(RBPF)的多目标检测前跟踪算法.对每个目标利用RBPF把状态变量分解为线性变量与非线性变量,分别进行Kalman滤波与基本粒子滤波.将已出现目标的状态构成新目标的约束初始化函数,多个滤波器并行跟踪多个弱目标.对红外图像弱目标的仿真实验表明,约束初始化可以避免已有目标的干扰,RBPF可以减小状态变量的的估计误差, RBPF的检测性能优于10倍粒子数PF的性能,对单目标进行检测前跟踪平均每帧耗时为0.3287秒,可以满足实时处理的要求。新方法在不同空间位置的实验对比中,出现延迟,消失延迟和均方根误差等参数对比也验证了算法的有效性.     

An attitude determination algorithm for a spacecraft using nonlinear filter

In this paper, the algorithm for a real time attitude estimation of a spacecraft motion is investigated. The proposed algorithm for attitude estimation is the second order nonlinear filter form not containing truncation error in estimation values. The proposed second order nonlinear filter has improved performance compared with the EKF (extended Kalman filter), because the algorithm does not contain any truncation bias and covariance of the estimator is compensated by the nonlinear terms of the system. Therefore, the proposed second order nonlinear filter is a suboptimal estimator. However, the proposed estimator requires a lot of computation because of an inherent nonlinearity and complexity of the system model. For more efficient computation, this paper introduces a new attitude estimation algorithm using the state divided technique for a real time processing which is developed to provide an accurate attitude determination capability under a highly maneuverable dynamic environment. To compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with the EKF, simulations have been performed with various initial values and measurement covariances. Simulation results show that the proposed second order nonlinear algorithm outperforms the EKF. The proposed algorithm is useful for a real time attitude estimation since it has better accuracy compared with the EKF and requires less computing time compared with any existing nonlinear filters.     

基于高斯混合容积卡尔曼滤波的UUV自主导航定位算法

针对过程噪声为非理想高斯分布时无人水下航行器(UUV)自主导航定位存在噪声模型失配的问题,将高斯混合密度模型与容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)相结合,设计了基于高斯混合容积卡尔曼滤波(GM-CKF)的UUV导航定位算法。建立了UUV运动模型及观测模型,利用CKF完成各高斯分量的预测更新,并将更新结果进行融合缩减与加权求和,从而实现UUV自主导航定位。通过与EKF、UKF和CKF算法仿真对比实验,验证了GM-CKF可以提高估计精度;通过UUV湖试试验,验证了基于GM-CKF的UUV自主导航定位精度和稳定性优于传统算法,其计算时间满足实时导航定位的要求。     

A derivative UKF for tightly coupled INS/GPS integrated navigation

The tightly coupled INS/GPS integration introduces nonlinearity to the measurement equation of the Kalman filter due to the use of raw GPS pseudorange measurements. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is a typical method to address the nonlinearity by linearizing the pseudorange measurements. However, the linearization may cause large modeling error or even degraded navigation solution. To solve this problem, this paper constructs a nonlinear measurement equation by including the second-order term in the Taylor series of the pseudorange measurements. Nevertheless, when using the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to the INS/GPS integration for navigation estimation, it causes a great amount of redundant computation in the prediction process due to the linear feature of system state equation, especially for the case with system state vector in much higher dimension than measurement vector. To overcome this drawback in computational burden, this paper further develops a derivative UKF based on the constructed nonlinear measurement equation. The derivative UKF adopts the concise form of the original Kalman filter (KF) to the prediction process and employs the unscented transformation technique to the update process. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the derivative UKF can achieve higher accuracy with a much smaller computational cost in comparison with the traditional UKF.     

无线电子鼻测量系统设计与实现

介绍一种用于远程实时环境气体浓度精确监控的无线电子鼻网络节点设备,讨论了用于环境测量的电子鼻的节点设备组成和原理。同时考虑到气体传感器噪声及环境噪声对测量精度影响,建立了气体浓度测量的卡尔曼滤波模型,重点讨论卡尔曼滤波技术应用到气体浓度测量过程中,通过实验数据的结果确定了滤波器参数,提高了噪声影响下气体浓度的测量精度。