阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎疗效观察

目的探讨阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法将我院自2009年1月至2010年5月124例支原体肺炎患者,随机分为对照组与治疗组,对照组用红霉素治疗,治疗组用阿奇霉素治疗,对其临床疗效进行总结。结果治疗组总有效率高达96.77%,优于对照组总有效率72.58%,不良反应发生率治疗组为17.74%,低于对照组45.16%,数据差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论综上所述,阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎疗效显著,副作用小,值得在临床上推广。     

阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗支原体肺炎疗效观察

目的比较阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗支原体肺炎的治疗效果。方法选择在我院住院的80例支原体肺炎患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组,各40例。治疗组采用阿奇霉素治疗,对照组采用红霉素治疗,比较它们的疗效和不良反应发生率。结果治疗组总有效率为82.5%(33/40),对照组总有效率为75%(30/40),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组有3例出现不良反应,发生率为7.5%;对照组有10例出现明显的不良反应,发生率为25%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组不良反应发生率要高于治疗组。结论阿奇霉素治疗支原体肺炎疗效确切,且不良反应小,具有良好的临床效果和安全性,值得推广应用。     

酚妥拉明辅助治疗小儿支气管肺炎156例临床分析

目的观察酚拉明治疗小儿支气管肺炎的临床疗效。方法将符合纳入标准的支气管肺炎患儿312例采用数字表法随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组156例。2组患儿均给予氧气、镇静、激素、抗生素等对症治疗。治疗组在此基础上给予酚妥拉明0.3～0.5mg/(kg·次)加入5%葡萄糖溶液100～250mL中静脉滴注,每日1次,连用3～5d。结果治疗后症状显效率治疗组为54.49%,对照组为37.18%,2组比较差异有显著差异(P<0.05)。总有效率治疗组为88.46%,对照组为71.79%。2组比较差异有显著差异(P<0.05)。治疗组咳嗽持续时间、咳痰持续时间、啰音完全消失时间、住院时间明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论酚妥拉明辅助治疗小儿支气管肺炎可明显提高疗效,可明显缩短咳嗽持续时间、咳痰持续时间、啰音完全消失时间、住院时间。     

双黄连治疗小儿疱疹性龈口炎的疗效观察

目的探讨双黄连粉针剂治疗小儿疱疹性龈口炎的疗效。方法将110例患儿分为对照组和治疗组,对照组采用病毒唑注射液10mg/(kg.d)加入5%葡萄糖液静滴;治疗组采用双黄连60mg/(kg.d)加5%葡萄糖液静滴,各每日1次。结果对照组与治疗组的退热平均天数及口腔黏膜症状消失时间比较均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论双黄连治疗小儿疱疹性龈口炎疗效显著。     

头孢噻肟钠联合阿奇霉素治疗社区获得性肺炎68例临床观察

目的观察头孢噻肟钠联合阿奇霉素治疗社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的临床疗效。方法随机将130例CAP患者分为两组,治疗组68例给予头孢噻肟钠3.0溶于0.9%氯化钠注射液100mL中滴注,2次/d,阿奇霉素0.25g溶于5%葡萄糖注射液或0.9%氯化钠注射液250mL中滴注,1次/d;对照组62例,给予头孢噻肟钠3.0溶于0.9%氯化钠注射液100mL中滴注,2次/d,两组疗程均为7～14d。观察两组的临床疗效、细菌清除率。结果总有效率治疗组为97.1%,对照组83.8%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);细菌清除率治疗组为93.48%,对照组为76.74%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论头孢噻肟钠联合阿奇霉素治疗CAP疗效高,值得临床推广。     

尼美舒利颗粒治疗小儿高热300例疗效观察

目的探讨尼美舒利颗粒治疗小儿高热的临床疗效。方法小儿高热患者300例,随机分为两组,在常规治疗的基础上,治疗组用尼美舒利颗粒5mg/(kg·d),分2次服用。对照组用美林(布洛芬混悬液)5～10mg/(kg·次),6h1次。结果治疗组与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论尼美舒利退热作用显著,副作用少。     

咳喘安糖浆治疗支原体肺炎42例疗效观察

目的观察咳喘安糖浆治疗支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法将79例患者随机分为两组。对照组37例给予阿奇霉素及对症治疗;治疗组42例在对照组的基础上加用中药咳喘安糖浆口服。观察2周。结果治疗组治愈率为80.95%,总有效率为97.62%;对照组治愈率为62.16%,总有效率为83.78%,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论咳喘安糖浆结合阿奇霉素治疗支原体肺炎有较好的疗效。     

盐酸伐昔洛韦治疗手足口病的疗效及安全性评价

目的探讨盐酸伐昔洛韦对小儿手足口病治疗中的疗效及对其安全性进行评价。方法60例门诊手足口病患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组32例给予盐酸伐昔洛韦10mg/kg·d,po,bid;对照组28例用利巴韦林10～15mg/kg·d加入生理盐水中静滴,qd。结果从开始用药至痊愈时间,观察组平均为(3.0±1.2)d,对照组平均为(6.0±1.5)d。2组差异有显著性(P<0.05)。2组在治疗过程中无其他明显不良反应。结论盐酸伐昔洛韦治疗手足口病疗效明显,依从性好,安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。     

穿琥宁粉针剂治疗小儿急性感染性疾病的临床观察

目的观察穿琥宁粉针剂在治疗小儿急性感染性疾病中的临床效果。方法选择120例小儿急性感染性疾病病例,分为治疗组和对照组。2组均为重症上呼吸道感染28例、急性胃肠炎10例、急性支气管肺炎10例、急性细菌性痢疾6例、流行性腮腺炎6例。对照组采取传统方法治疗,治疗组在传统方法治疗的基础上加用穿琥宁粉针剂进行肌注或静脉滴注,每日2次,共7d。结果治疗组的总有效率为83.3%,对照组的总有效率为58.3%。结论穿琥宁粉针剂在小儿急性感染性疾病的临床治疗中,具有令人满意的疗效,并且副作用极小。因此,值得在临床治疗当中推广。     

阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗儿童支原体肺炎及对免疫功能的影响

目的探讨阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗支原体肺炎患儿的疗效及对免疫功能的影响。方法2007年3月至2009年4月我科收住院的临床诊断为支原体肺炎的患儿,分为治疗组(阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗)和对照组(红霉素治疗),比较2组治疗疗效,并分别采用免疫比浊法及ELISA法测定血清免疫球蛋白及血清支原体抗体IgM(MP-IgM)。结果治疗组有效率(94.4%)较对照组(77.5%)高(χ2=17.135,P<0.01),不良反应较对照组少(χ2=5.457,P<0.05),在退热时间和啰音消失时间等方面指标均较对照组短(P<0.05),咳嗽缓解时间方面2组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组血清IgA、IgG、IgM水平均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),治疗组治疗后血清IgA、IgG、IgM水平较对照组治疗后更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗支原体肺炎,具有良好的临床效果和安全性,值得临床推广应用。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。