湖光岩水体与泥层中真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性研究

从湖光岩的湖水、泥土中分离出30株真菌,根据形态特征确定其种属,通过管碟法测定其抗菌活性。结果表明青霉属15株、曲霉属4株、酵母属4株、木霉属2株、毛霉属1株、粘帚霉属1株、根霉属1株。具有抗菌活性的菌株11株:9株具有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性;1株具抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性及抗枯草芽孢杆菌活性;1株有抗大肠埃希氏菌活性、抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性及抗枯草芽孢杆菌活性。     

广谱拮抗菌株的筛选诱变及抗菌物质分离鉴定

分离和鉴定产生广谱抗菌活性物质的菌株,并对抗菌物质分离鉴定。通过形态学、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定菌株。采用紫外线-硫酸二乙酯化学复合诱变的方法,获得抗菌能力强、遗传稳定的高产菌株。分别用甲醇提取、凝胶过滤色谱（Sephadex G-10）和半制备高效液相色谱分离纯化抗菌物质,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS）技术对抗菌物质鉴定。本研究从土壤中分离出67 株芽孢杆菌。其中8 株表现出较强的抗菌作用,菌株XF32表现出显著广谱抑制活性,并鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）。菌株XF32对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌7 种病原菌具有抗菌活性,对酿酒酵母、黑曲霉、深绿木霉和尖孢镰刀菌有抗真菌活性。经诱变筛选得到突变菌株XF32-22,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性比原始菌株显著提高,分离纯化抗菌物质,得到单一的抗菌成分。MALDI-TOF-MS分析表明抗菌物质为Fengycin系脂肽化合物。采用复合诱变技术,可以有效地提高地衣芽孢杆菌脂肽的产量。成功分离得到对多种病原细菌具有较强抑制作用的Fengycin类脂肽,同时该菌株在拮抗植物病原真菌方面也有明显效果。XF32-22菌株在食品保鲜和农业生物防治方面具有很好的应用前景。     

抑制芽孢杆菌乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其抗菌物质的分离纯化

从朝鲜族辣白菜中分离筛选得到1株对芽孢杆菌具有广谱抑菌活性的菌株JLY-7,该菌株发酵液对蜡样芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌等食品中常见的腐败性和致病性芽孢杆菌具有较强的抑制作用。对菌株JLY-7进行形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定其为植物乳杆菌。利用正丁醇萃取、凝胶过滤层析(Sephadex LH-20)和半制备液相色谱纯化等手段对该菌株所产抗菌物质进行分离纯化,得到单一活性抑菌组分,经高分辨电喷雾电离质谱确定该抗菌物质的分子量为694.129 Da。通过蛋白酶处理结果表明,该抗菌物质对常见的蛋白酶均非常敏感。本研究可为乳酸菌抗菌物质控制食品中芽孢杆菌奠定理论基础。     

一株产抗菌活性物质解淀粉芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从菜园土壤中分离筛选到1 株产广谱抗菌活性物质的菌株K6,其抗菌活性物质对藤黄微球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单孢菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、匍枝根霉和白色念珠菌均有抑制作用,其中对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌作用最强,对霉菌的抑制作用相对较弱。通过形态特征、16SrDNA 序列分析和系统发育分析,菌株K6 与B. amyloliquefaciens 位于同一簇群,同源性达99%,将其初步鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。     

含抗菌肽基因的天然质粒在枯草杆菌中的表达

侧孢短芽孢杆菌抗菌肽具有高效、广谱、稳定的抗菌活性,该抗菌活性与其内源质粒密切相关。为研究侧孢短芽孢杆菌含抗菌肽基因质粒异源表达的可行性,本研究中将侧孢短芽孢杆菌S62~-9的天然质粒电转枯草芽孢杆菌Wb800受体细胞,筛选阳性转化子并对其表达产物性质进行研究。得到了产生抗菌活性产物菌株Z4,发酵6 h后开始产生抗菌物质,12~20 h产量达到最大,达620.96 AU/m L。Tricine~-十二烷基硫酸钠~-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳看到S62~-9质粒在枯草芽孢杆菌中得到了成功的表达,反相高效液相色谱分析Z4表达产物含有与侧孢短芽孢杆菌抗菌肽相同物质。该物质抑菌谱广,稳定性好:对于G~+、G~-和真菌均有抑菌活性,而且对于G~+菌株的抑菌效果优于G~-菌株和真菌,121℃处理20 min后的效价保留率约为90%,100℃处理60 min后仍有81%的活性保留;p H 2~12的范围内效价保留率基本不发生变化;对蛋白酶较为敏感,胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶K处理后抗菌肽的效价保留率为60%左右,其他3种蛋白酶处理后也有一定程度的降低。本研究获得了抗菌肽的异源表达菌株Z4,为进一步工业生产抗菌肽提供支持,而且为该抗菌肽遗传基因定位于质粒上提供了证明。     

弹性蛋白酶高产菌株摇瓶发酵条件优化及弹性蛋白酶性质的初涉研究

运用响应面法对一株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)发酵培养条件进行了优化,这株枯草芽孢杆菌产弹性蛋白酶的最适发酵条件为:1.5%葡萄糖、1.5%酵母膏,起始pH为6.5,最适发酵温度为36.5℃,并对由这株枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产的弹性蛋白酶进行了研究,发现由该株菌发酵得到的弹性蛋白酶在碱性条件下活性较好;在37℃以下时稳定性较好.     

枯草芽孢杆菌及其杆菌霉素D对黄曲霉毒素作用机制的研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtills)被认为是一种有效抑制黄曲霉并降解其毒素的菌种。己从不同的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株中分离得到具有抑制黄曲霉毒素的杆菌霉素D。杆菌霉素D属于伊枯草菌素家族,是枯草芽孢杆菌抑制黄曲霉毒素最强抗生素,也是目前唯一从枯草芽孢杆菌菌株中得到并且已经鉴定的具有抗黄曲霉活性的物质。笔者对枯草芽孢杆菌及其杆菌霉素D的结构、性质、抑制黄曲霉机制进行了综述。     

盐生海芦笋抗菌内生细菌的筛选与鉴定

以抗菌活性为指标,从野生海芦笋中筛选与鉴定具有抗菌活性的内生细菌。采用平板分离与斜面纯化的方法,从海芦笋中分离到13株内生细菌,经过对8株病原菌抗菌活性测试,菌株HLS-7和HLS-8对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis)和白假丝酵母(Candida albicans)均显示了较强的抑制活性,其抑菌圈直径均10 mm;对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)、单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella penumoniae)均显示了中等抗菌活性,表现出广谱的抑菌活性。PCR扩增这2株菌的16S r DNA区域,单克隆后测序进行同源性分析,构建系统发育树,结合形态学观察和生理生化实验,将菌株HLS-7和HLS-8分别鉴定庆生芽孢杆菌(Bacillus qingshengii)和甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)。通过电喷雾质谱分析这2株菌的发酵产物,结果显示,菌株HLS-7可产生脂肽类化合物Fenycin和Iturin,菌株HLS-8可产生脂肽类化合物Iturin,提示这2株菌的抗菌活性可能源于脂肽化合物。     

枯草芽孢杆菌产生的抗菌物质的研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌广泛存在于自然界,具有广谱抑菌活性,其产生的抗菌物质种类繁多。本文综述枯草芽孢杆菌产生的抗菌物质及其合成途径的研究进展。     

烟草根际固氮菌的筛选、鉴定及优化培养

对四川广元烟草主产区三个种植基地的烟草根际固氮菌进行筛选, 分离出28 株具有固氮活性的菌株。 经扩增rDNA 限制性酶切片段分析法(ARDRA) 初步分类, 共获得5 个操作分类单元(OTU), 并由16S rDNA 序列进行了分析鉴定。结果表明不同分类单元分别是:苏云金芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和炭疽杆菌。优化了N7 菌株(巨大芽孢杆菌) 培养条件, 确定其最佳碳源为蔗糖, 最适宜初始pH 值为7.5, 最适温度为30℃。      

洁净环境产芽孢杆菌的鉴定及其耐药性

为研究食药洁净环境沉降菌中的芽孢杆菌种类及其耐药性,通过国标(GB/T 16294-2010)对不同洁净环境中沉降菌进行纯化,纯化后的沉降菌用Schaeffer-Fulton氏芽孢染色法染色,筛选出产芽孢菌株;采用16S rDNA序列比对分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定;并采用纸片扩散法检测菌株对20种抗生素的耐药性。结果显示,通过对不同受控洁净环境(药厂、超净台、细胞房)的检测,共收集细菌74株,检出产芽孢杆菌14株,检出率为18.92%。洁净环境沉降菌中的产芽孢杆菌菌株对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药率为92.86%。研究表明洁净环境中产芽孢杆菌具有较强的的耐药性,本文为洁净环境中产芽孢杆菌的安全风险控制提供了参考数据。     

Selection of starter cultures for the production of ugba,a fermented soup condiment

Ugba is a traditional fermented African oil bean condiment that serves as flavouring in soups or as low-cost protein snack in Nigeria. A total of 56 strains of spore-forming bacteria were isolated from 21 ugba samples purchased from retail markets in southwestern Nigeria. Bacillus subtilis (26 strains) was identified as the dominant microorganism of the fermented samples. The total viable count for the ugba samples obtained from the retail outlets was in the range of 1.4᎒⁷-2.8᎒⁹ cfu/g, while the spore-forming bacteria had a count of 1.8᎒¹⁰ cfu/g. Strains of B. subtilis were selected as potential starter cultures based on their enzymatic activities and ability to produce stickiness. The nine selected strains had a range of scores of proteolytic activity (5.2-7.4 mm), amylolytic activity (4.4-5.6 mm) and stickiness (15.1-17.3 cm). Relative viscosity was in the range of 2.3-5.3 U/ml, while protease activity was from 30.1-51.4 U/ml. However, B. subtilis MM-4:B12 that had the highest scores was chosen as starter culture for the laboratory preparation of ugba, and a viable count of 1.4᎒¹⁰, pH of 8.1 and 46.5% moisture content were obtained at the end of 72 h fermentation period. The fermented product had the peculiar characteristics of the traditionally prepared sample which is usually fermented for about 5 days. There were no significant differences in the protein (17.8-18.1%), fat (40.9-41.2) and titratable acidity (0.11-0.13%) of both starter culture fermented ugba and those obtained from the retail markets. However, organoleptic evaluation scores showed the starter-inoculated samples being rated higher by the consumers with regard to consistency, aroma and taste.     

广谱抑菌物质产生菌GX-21的筛选及鉴定

本研究在广东省及其周边地区共11个采样地点采集土壤样品156份,分离得到放线菌1026株。土壤预处理采用碳酸钙富集培养法,分离采用平板稀释法,选取高氏一号合成培养基作为分离培养基,添加50 mg/L重铬酸钾作为抑制剂。初筛采用琼脂块法,选择金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、白假丝酵母菌、黑曲霉共5种指示菌进行抑菌试验,共得到95株活性菌株。复筛选择初筛的5种指示菌加上副溶血性弧菌、铜绿假单胞菌、变形杆菌共8种指示菌,分两级进行复筛:一级复筛仍采用琼脂块,得到19株活性菌株;二级复筛采用牛津杯定量扩散法,得到5株优良菌株。对优良菌株GX-21进行鉴定,通过形态特征观察、培养特性观察、生理生化试验和16S r DNA序列分析,确定菌株GX-21为多产色链霉菌(Streptomyces polychromogenes)。菌株GX-21具有抑菌谱广的特点,对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌均有抑制作用。     

抗青霉芽孢杆菌优良菌株的分离、筛选及鉴定

为了获得一株对青霉有强烈拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌以应用于食品的防腐保鲜中,从木瓜、柑橘、葡萄、全麦面包、太子参、陈皮等食品及中草药共计30个样品中分离得到132株芽孢杆菌。通过平板对峙法,筛选出18株对青霉有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌。对其中3株抑菌效果显著的芽孢杆菌利用杯碟法测定其发酵液的抑菌效果,最终筛选出一株芽孢杆菌LPL40,其发酵上清液对青霉的抑菌圈直径达到(13.94±1.90)mm。通过形态学、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定,最终将该菌株命名为解淀粉芽孢杆菌LPL40(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LPL40)。     

Natural milk cultures for the production of Argentinian cheeses.

Samples (32) of natural milk cultures used in the Santa Fe, Argentina, area for soft and semihard cheese production were examined. The microbial composition (including lactic acid microflora characterization) and technological parameters (acidifying and proteolytic activities) were evaluated. The cultures contained mainly thermophilic lactic acid bacteria, identified as Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (96.8% of the total strains) and Enterococcus spp. The strains showed a low proteolytic activity. The isolates of S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus exhibited a widespread phage resistance. The nonlactic microflora comprised coliforms, yeasts, spore-forming bacteria and lactate fermentative bacteria. The samples showed an acidity level from 0.38 to 0.69% lactic acid (pH from 4.25 to 5.75). The acidifying activity was optimal at 45 degrees C. The advantages and disadvantages of the employment of natural milk starters are discussed.     

Antibacterial activity of dextran-conjugated lysozyme against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in cheese curd

The purposes of this research were to glycosylate lysozyme with dextran under Maillard reaction conditions and assess the antimicrobial characteristics of the lysozyme-dextran conjugate in a culture medium and cheese curd. Solutions containing lysozyme and dextran were incubated at 60 degrees C and at 79% relative humidity. Gel permeation chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to follow the glycosylation process. Under optimum conditions 3.7 mol of dextran were coupled to 1 mol of lysozyme. Lytic activity of the conjugate against the cell wall of Micrococcus luteus was about 62% of that of native lysozyme. Evaluation of the lysozyme-dextran conjugate against test microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) in culture media indicated a progressive increase in antimicrobial activity, with an increase in enzyme-conjugate concentration. The lysozyme-dextran conjugate was also effective against E. coli in a natural food system, as it reduced the bacterial count by 3 log in cheese curd after 40 days of storage. Unlike E. coli, the antimicrobial action of lysozyme against S. aureus was not improved by conjugation with dextran in both in vitro and in vivo tests. Antimicrobial activity of the lysozyme-dextran conjugate against gram-negative bacteria is probably related to the remaining lytic activity as well as the excellent surfactant properties of the lysozyme-dextran conjugate. These results might increase the applicability of lysozyme as a natural antimicrobial ingredient in different food products.     

DPP-4抑制剂高产菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵特性

目的:高产DPP-4抑制剂发酵菌株的筛选,并对菌株进行鉴定以及发酵特性的研究。方法:采用逐级稀释法从江南传统发酵食品中,利用DPP-4抑制剂体外筛选模型,筛选具有DPP-4抑制活性的菌株,以及通过形态学、生理生化和16S rRNA基因,对菌株进行观察、分析和序列比对,确定其种属关系。在以DPP-4抑制活性为指标下,通过与其他乳酸菌的比较、不同培养介质的选择、在脱脂乳(SKM)培养基中发酵条件的优化和发酵特性等。结果:从江南传统酸豆角汁中,在分离纯化得到11株具有乳蛋白水解能力的菌株中,经形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,筛选得到一株多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa) BD3736。P.polymyxa BD3736以10%(W/V)脱脂乳(SKM)为培养基,厌氧培养2 d所得的发酵乳,对DPP-4抑制率为66.4%±2.9%,其抑制活性远大于乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌属和链球菌属等。P.polymyxa BD3736在10%(W/V) SKM液体培养基中,在30℃、180 r/min培养条件下,培养12 h时活菌数达到峰值为1.05×109 CFU/mL,培养36 h时发酵体系的pH为5.58。在同等发酵条件下,P.polymyxa BD3736发酵2 d的发酵液上清,对DPP-4的抑制率为90.6%±2.6%,IC₅₀值为(14.2±2.0) mg/mL。本研究为后续进一步开发新型、副作用低的口服降糖药物或功能性食品配料提供理论指导和技术支持。     

Functional properties of novel protective lactic acid bacteria and application in raw chicken meat against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis

In this study 635 lactic acid bacteria of food origin were evaluated for their potential application as protective cultures in foods. A stepwise selection method was used to obtain the most appropriate strains for application as protective cultures in chicken meat. Specifically, all strains were examined for antimicrobial activity against various Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Strains exhibiting anti-bacterial activity were subsequently examined for survival in simulated food processing and gastrointestinal tract conditions, such as high temperatures, low pH, starvation and the presence of NaCl and bile salts. Selected strains where then examined for basic safety properties such as antibiotic resistance and haemolytic potential, while their antimicrobial activity was further investigated by PCR screening for possession of known bacteriocin genes. Two chosen strains were then applied on raw chicken meat to evaluate their protective ability against two common food pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis, but also to identify potential spoilage effects by the application of the protective cultures on the food matrix. Antimicrobial activity in vitro was evident against Gram positive indicators, mainly Listeria and Brochothrix spp., while no antibacterial activity was obtained against any of the Gram negative bacteria tested. The antimicrobial activity was of a proteinaceous nature while strains with anti-listerial activity were found to possess one or more bacteriocin genes, mainly enterocins. Strains generally exhibited sensitivity to pH 2.0, but good survival at 45 °C, in the presence of bile salts and NaCl as well as during starvation, while variable survival rates were obtained at 55 °C. None of the strains was found to be haemolytic while variable antibiotic resistance profiles were obtained. Finally, when the selected strains Enterococcus faecium PCD71 and Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC179 were applied as protective cultures in chicken meat against L. monocytogenes and S. enteritidis respectively, a significantly reduced growth of these pathogenic bacteria was observed. In addition, these two strains did not appear to have any detrimental effect on biochemical parameters related to spoilage of the chicken meat.     

乳酸菌素生产菌的分离与鉴定

对乳酸菌素产生菌进行分离,得到4株理想菌株。利用高效液相色谱检测其发酵液,初步确定4菌株均为乳酸菌,其中Ⅱ32菌株产乳酸最多,对各指示菌的抑制作用最显著,对该菌株作进一步的研究。Ⅱ32菌株在MRS培养基上可以生长,最适生长温度为28℃,革兰氏染色呈阳性,无芽孢。通过API生化反应实验、16SrDNA测序可进一步确定该菌株是L·paraplantarum或L·paraplantarum。最终通过对recA-gen的PCR产物检测,鉴定菌株Ⅱ32为Lactobacillusparaplantarum(类植物乳杆菌)。牛津杯抑菌试验显示,该菌株的发酵液不仅对多数G+细菌的生长有较强的抑制作用,而且对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等Gˉ细菌的生长也具有明显的抑制作用,但对真菌没有活性。     

Sodium hypophosphite inhibition of the growth of selected gram-positive foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Sodium hypophosphite (SHP) was evaluated for inhibition of growth of selected Gram-positive foodborne pathogenic bacteria in Trypticase Soy Broth. In addition, the effects of pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) alone and in combination with (SHP) were also examined. All inhibition studies were performed with optimal or nearly optimal growth conditions for each bacterium. Growth was monitored by determining culture optical density at 600 nm, and a time to significant growth determined for each test media. Ratios of time to significant growth for each control over that in test variables were used to evaluate the effect of SHP and other variables on growth. SHP was effective in inhibiting growth of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum strains 62A 52A and Lamanna B, but generally ineffective against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Results from this investigation show that SHP has potential as a food ingredient for the inhibition of certain Gram-positive foodborne pathogens.