辉光放电正柱区对中空阴极放电相似性的影响

为了进一步理解中空阴极放电的相似性问题,对辉光放电正柱区是否破坏中空阴极放电的汤森相似性进行了研究。选定2组平行平板几何相似气隙(比例系数k=2),进行氩气辉光放电实验。通过提高气压来逐渐增加正柱区的长度,发现这2个几何相似气隙的辉光放电伏安特性曲线始终重合。基于二维流体模型,数值模拟了上述实验中的辉光放电,发现这2个辉光放电的各对应物理参数始终满足相似放电规定的比例关系。通过理论分析和推导,发现辉光放电正柱区所有的双极性扩散过程是相似放电的允许过程。最后给出结论:辉光放电正柱区可能不是破坏中空阴极放电(hollow cathode discharge,HCD)的汤森相似性的原因。     

荧光灯中的条纹放电的起因

在环境温度较低或放电电流较小时,荧光灯的发光正柱有可能出现光强的扰动和明暗相间的条纹,称为条纹放电,它会对照明产生干扰。虽然Ｓｃｈｏｔｔｋｙ正柱理论成功地描写了荧光灯正柱的特性,但是它不能解释条纹放电。假定离子浓度沿着灯轴有一微小变化,我们从放电正柱的基本方程,得到了电离波色散关系。它表明条纹放电是电离波的不稳定性所引起。我们也由此导出了条纹放电出现的条件。     

T3低气压Ar-Hg放电正柱254nm辐射的Koedam β系数测量

Koedam β系数可用于计算低气压Ar-Hg放电正柱单位长度的谱线辐射功率,研究正柱的能量平衡,为各种荧光灯设计提供基本数据。设计制作了小型分布光度计,测量了外径10mm的T3低气压Ar-Hg放电管正柱表面直径1mm的圆形区域发出的254nm辐射在半空间内的相对辐亮度分布,然后计算出Koedam β系数。结果表明,放电管冷端温度为20℃,45℃,电流为50mA,100mA,150mA时,Koedam β系数值约为0.47-0.52,比已知粗管径放电正柱的β系数小。     

典型缺陷下绝缘纸板局部放电Q-u及n-u迟滞曲线性能差异分析

介绍了三个不同厂家的绝缘纸板受潮特性等典型缺陷下绝缘纸板局部放电的Q-u、n-u迟滞曲线性能差异分析,对选用绝缘材料提供可行的建议，结果表明针-板模型放电量与柱-板模型放电量在Q-u迟滞曲线中差异不大，在n-u迟滞曲线特性中显示柱-板和针-板放电随电压变化，放电次数呈现相反变化规律，针-板模型放电次数远小于柱板模型。     

T2低气压Ar—Hg放电正柱的辐射效率测量

在冷端温度20～80℃,放电电流20～200mA的工作条件下,测量了充400Pa氩（Ar）的T2低气压Ar—Hg放电灯（外径7mm）正柱中波长为254nm的辐亮度和电场强度。通过测量不同温度、不同电流下的Koedam系数,计算出了254nm辐射功率。结果表明,T2灯254nm辐射的最佳冷端温度在50℃左右,正柱的电能转换在254nm时的辐射效率为48％～56％。     

大气压氩气介质阻挡放电等离子体特性变化的一维仿真

针对平行平板型大气压氩气介质阻挡放电(DBD),考虑等离子体中电子能量的贡献,建立了一维多粒子流体模型。通过对模型的求解,详细分析了频率为10 k Hz、幅值为1.5k V正弦电压驱动放电的变化过程,包括放电等离子体中各特性参数,如电子数密度、亚稳态氩原子数密度、放电间隙电位和电子温度等的时空变化过程。结果发现:放电模式从Townsend放电转变为稳定的辉光放电,在辉光放电阶段,放电间隙存在明显的阴极位降区、阴极辉区、Faraday暗区和正柱区等特征区域,且电子能量在不同的放电阶段有着不同的能量损失渠道。与此同时,探讨了固定驱动频率为10 k Hz,不同电压幅值的情况下,放电等离子体的粒子特性参数及放电模式。结果表明:电压从1.5 k V提高到3.5 k V时,最高电子温度、电子数密度、正离子数密度和亚稳态氩原子数密度均有所提高;简单分析了2.5 k V电压,不同频率下的电流波形和各种粒子在电流脉冲峰值处的空间分布,发现50 k Hz和100 k Hz的情况下,放电间隙阳极出现了阳极辉区;第一个电流脉冲峰值时刻,放电正柱区覆盖了Faraday暗区,而第二个宽电流脉冲时刻,法拉第暗区又重新出现。     

辉光放电的放电主干

该文介绍了辉光放电的主要组成部分，包括阴极位降区、阳极位降区和两者间的连接部分。当放电管内径较小时，该连接部分被称为放电正柱区，而放电管内径足够大时，该区域的发光状念发生变化，这时被称为放电主干区。文中还介绍了放电主干在研究辉光放电中的意义。     

大气压氦气介质阻挡多脉冲辉光放电的光学演化过程

为研究大气压介质阻挡多脉冲辉光放电的模式转化规律及其放电机理,在6mm氦气中进行了3脉冲辉光放电试验,测量了相应的电气参数,并利用增强型电子耦合器件(intensified charge-coupled device,ICCD)拍摄了放电间隙侧面的短时曝光图像,提取放电图像的灰度值并绘制出光强在气隙间的分布曲线,按放电图像特征将放电分成不同阶段,系统研究了各个阶段的放电模式及其转化规律,并探讨了放电的机理。结果表明:放电起始阶段具有汤森放电的阳极发光结构;空间电荷的作用使得放电从开始的汤森放电转化为具有完整的正柱区、法拉第暗区和负辉区的辉光放电;放电电流脉冲之间微弱的发光特性仍具有辉光放电结构,有力证明了放电并未熄灭,而是维持着较弱的辉光放电。     

低气压放电等离子体负伏—安特性的研究

本文根据放电理论分析了低气压放电正柱区出现负伏－安特性的原因与特性。 文章主要从三个方面进行了研究：①放电从电子扩散向双机性扩散转变；②在放电过 程中气体粒子被升温；③放电空间出现的逐级电离，并指明相应的放电状态，为放电 灯外电路镇流器的设计提供了理论依据。     

可变色霓虹灯机理探讨

本文主要探讨了装饰霓虹灯通过变化放电正柱区的电子温度来控制灯管色彩变化的原理。同时剖析和实验证实了：对一支充有Ｈｇ和１０ＴｏｒｒＮｅ的气体放电灯管、通过改变供电的脉冲电压（４００Ｖ～１０００Ｖ），重复频率（５０Ｈｚ～１０００Ｈｚ）和持续时间（５μＳ～１５０μＳ），可以使灯管辐射从红色（０．５４５，０．２６２）变化为兰色（０．７０５，０．２９５），亮度从１４ｄｃｄ／ｍ￣２增加到１６４０ｃｄ／ｍ￣２的物理现象。文中最后提出了将变色放电技术应用于生产新颖霓虹灯产品的展望。     

多直线遮挡器原理失步保护的整定算例及测试方案

介绍多直线遮挡器失步保护的原理,并以某电厂为例,介绍了对失步保护的整定算例的计算过程,并提供了一种实用的失步保护静态模拟测试方案（包括测试接线图、失步保护边界电阻定值和变压器电栓定值的测试,以及失步保护的滑极次数的测试）。     

Comparison and Ranking of Steam-Turbine Installations of Thermal Power-Stations’ Power-Generating Units by Working Efficiency

Increasing the objectivity of comparison and ranking of working efficiency of steam-turbine installations of thermal power-stations' power-generating units under conditions when the accuracy of technical and economic indices (TEI) to be calculated by energy characteristics leaves much to be desired; in other words, the results of TEI analysis are far from objective, and the improvement of analysis techniques of TEI is not only actual but also necessary. Traditionally, the analysis consists of comparison of actual and normal values of TIEs. The discrepancies of these values define the reserve of thermal economy and recommendations ensuring the enhancement of working efficiency of thermal power stations (TPS). Systematic improvement of recommendations' reliability is ensured by experimental clarification of energy characteristics 4 years on average after the major repair of a power-generating unit (PGU). In time, wear leads to increasing the calculation error of rated values of techno-economic indices and amendments taking into account aging. Finally, there comes a point when a manual clarification of rated TEIs becomes economically unsuitable. In accordance with the Rules for Technical Operation, the analysis results of TEIs are needed to ensure the most economical operation of powergenerating units, the development of schedules of repair and adjustment and alignment of power-generating units, the estimation of quality of operational personnel work, and drawing up of accounts on the thermal efficiency. Personnel should solve all these problems, as well as many others, depending on the difference of the actual average monthly and approximate rated values of dozens of TEI. It is proposed, along with the methods of analysis, to apply the methods of synthesis of TEI. The methods of synthesis require overcoming the influence of difference in dimensions, the influence of interrelation of TEI, and the operating conditions of powergenerating units. The possibility for synthesis of TEI manually is practically excluded, since their bulkiness and multiplicity cause a high risk of erroneous decisions. An automated analysis and synthesis system of TEI of thermal power stations' power-generating units was developed. It provides, along with the information support of personnel, methodological support in the form of recommendations for enhancement of working effectiveness of both individual power-generating units and thermal power stations as a whole. The objectivity of these recommendations is undoubted within the framework of initial data.     

智能电器监控单元静电放电敏感性的实验研究

为研究智能电器监控单元的静电放电敏感性,利用静电放电发生器对设备机壳放电进行了实验研究。根据静电放电干扰的耦合途径以及智能电器监控单元的实际工作情况,选取电源模块直流侧电压作为研究智能电器监控单元的静电放电敏感性的对象,通过频谱分析得出直流侧对地电压和静电放电电压间的关系。装置采取屏蔽、接地和滤波等抗干扰措施时其静电放电敏感性降低,分析直流侧电压发生的相应变化得出结论:静电放电时,智能电器监控单元直流侧对地电压与装置的静电放电敏感性有一定的相关性。     

自动化检定流水线环境下射频信号对智能电能表误差的影响分析

随着智能电网的不断发展和完善,智能电能表作为计量电能的终端产品被广泛应用,而对其检定的自动化程度也越来越高,因此,智能电能表自动化检定流水线得到快速发展。与此同时,智能电能表自动化检定流水线的环境中,移动通信射频信号对电能表计量准确度的电磁辐射影响也逐渐引起了关注。为了研究射频信号对电能表计量的影响,文中分析了射频信号对电能表计量影响的干扰途径,分析了射频信号影响电能表计量的机理。测试了自动化检定流水线的环境中射频干扰信号的强度,基于干扰信号的调制方式建立了干扰信号数学模型,根据干扰信号数学模型和实测射频信号的功率谱,通过仿真分析确定了干扰信号对电能表的影响属于一种均匀性分布的噪声。建立了射频信号对电能表计量误差影响的数学模型,通过仿真分析电能表误差,给出智能电能表大规模自动化检定流水线射频信号的影响结果。     

直流输电系统共用接地极的暂态接地性能分析

针对直流输电系统共用接地极的几种故障类型,对入地电流的暂态过程进行频谱分析,总结出共用接地极入地电流暂态过程频谱低于200 Hz的特点。基于此特点进一步分析共用接地极在入地电流暂态过程中的响应,得出如下结论：暂态响应的波形近似等同于入地电流的波形,暂态响应峰值与稳态响应的比值,即为暂态电流峰值相对于系统额定电流的比值。结合接地极设计的重要指标--跨步电压的标准,可得出如下结论：对共用接地极的设计可不必考虑故障时入地电流的暂态过程对周围环境的影响。     

FTGS-放大滤波板故障的测试与研究

通过遥供音频无绝缘轨道电路(FTGS)对故障数据的提取分析,以及轨电位分布理论及对信号设备影响的理论研究,确定放大滤波板故障与轨电位异常相关.经过现场测试验证,轨电位升高是放大滤波板故障的原因之一,轨电位升高导致放大滤波板输出电压下降,放大滤波板的输出电容温度升高,最终导致放大滤波板的输出电容疲劳损坏.     

Assessing the Parameters of Elementary Components of an Electrical Quantity with a Small Number of Counts

Two problems of structural analysis of electrical quantities are considered: the suppression of spectral components and selection of orthogonal harmonic components of unknown frequency. Each procedure starts with a minimum possible number of counts of the electrical variable to be processed and, as a consequence, with a minimum number of operations. The tools of structural analysis include a multilink adaptive filter, each link of which tuned to suppress one component of the observed electrical value. Structural analysis is completed with a separate procedure of selection of orthogonal components of the fundamental frequency component, the value of which is to be determined. The tuning of the real-time multilink filter done in the form of an iteration process. At each iteration step, only one link of the filter is to be tuned.     

直接空冷系统轴流风机群运行特性分析

掌握直接空冷系统轴流风机群运行特性,对于电站空冷系统的优化设计和高效运行有重要意义。该文在2台风机并联运行的基础上,绘制并联风机的性能曲线,获得叶片安装角对并联风机运行特性的影响。通过引入集群因子,得到轴流风机群的性能曲线、空冷管束的阻力特性及空冷系统的工作点。结果表明,空冷系统风机群每台风机的流量介于风机并联运行和单台风机独立运行之间。风机群性能不仅取决于每台风机的性能,还与风机群的数量和布置方式有关。随空冷系统容量增加,风机群非线性效应增加。在一定程度上揭示出空冷系统传热面积随机组容量非线性放大效应的机理,为空冷系统设计提供了理论依据。     

Quantized thermal depolarization of solid dielectrics

Contrary to the Debye's theory of a distribution of relaxation times, the logarithm of the relaxation current plotted as function of time has several nearly straight sections of decreasing slopes. The slopes formed short series having common geometrical ratios of ~2, 1.5, and 1.2. The ratios represent stepped changes of the probability of charge carrier excitation, generally caused by the stepped decrements of the displacement potential of the polarized charges. As energetic polarization waves deliver activation energies, large groups of charge carriers display mean decrements of energy in steps of single phonons. The model provides new methods of estimating Planck's constant and of the atomic heat capacity. The experiments and the model suggest that all solids obeying the Dulong-Petit law display one value of mean infrared frequency of vibrations. Based on this frequency a novel solid state constant kTln 2 is proposed representing quantum energy steps displayed in most solid state thermal relaxations. The measurements of ratios of time constants creates a new field of spectroscopic studies of the phonon vibration interactions displaying energies of the order of 10^-2 eV. The present results may support the hypothesis that the eigenfunctions of Maxwell's equations are represented by a pulse instead of a monochromatic wave     

A calculation method of chamberless thermal determination of intrinsic safety for electrical circuits

A mathematical model of electric ignition for methane-air mixture from a source of sustained power is applied to develop a reliable calculation method for determination of the intrinsic safety of electrical circuits of explosion-proof electrical equipment. A method for rapid calculating of the intrinsic safety for explosion-proof electrical equipment is developed that is suitable for evaluation of a wide class of circuits, including systems with reduced discharge time, based on regression relationships obtained by the preliminary pattern of thermal explosion field. The possibility of using the proposed method is shown by the example of determination of the intrinsic safety of electrical circuits of a dc power supply with high load capacity, which responds to the excess of the modulus for the rate of change of load current strength.