环境友好的新型糖基表面活性剂的开发

本文介绍了糖基Gemini型表面活性剂的合成及表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度、表面张力、分子半径、标准自由能、缔合数等物化性能，并对有代表性的糖基Gemini型表面活性剂的特殊性能作了介绍．最后展望了糖基Gemini型表面活性剂的发展前景。     

天然产物基Gemini表面活性剂研究进展

介绍了Gemini（双子）表面活性剂的新型结构及传统表面活性剂所不具备的优异性能：更高的表面活性,更低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）,有效的润湿性,低温水溶性,良好的增溶性,独特的流变性,优良的钙皂分散性能。重点分析了天然产物基Gemini表面活性剂因结合了Gemini表面活性剂的高效性和天然产物的绿色性,有着可观的研究发展价值。分别介绍了糖基、天然油脂基、松香基Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法与应用领域,指出探求合成步骤少、简易便行的合成方法以及探索Gemini表面活性剂与传统表面活性剂的复配体系性能是今后的研究重点。     

手性Gemini表面活性剂的研究进展

回顾了近年来手性Gemini表面活性剂的合成和应用研究进展,按照天然手性源种类对其进行归纳和总结,阐述了酒石酸基、氨基酸基、糖基和松香基等手性Gemini表面活性剂合成方法的研究现状,并介绍了手性Gemini表面活性剂具有高表面活性、生物相容性、可生物降解性和立体选择性等特点。最后,指出了手性碳原子的立体构型对于手性Gemini表面活性剂自组装行为的影响还有待于进一步研究,展望了其在制备手性介孔材料、药物载体和胶束催化等领域的发展趋势。     

非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的性质

Gemini表面活性剂具有的优良表面活性,使之有望作为三次采油用的表面活性剂。用界面张力仪及HAAKERS600流变仪研究了非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的表面活性及流变特性。结果表明,25℃下,氧乙基数(EO数)分别为8,10,12的3种非离子型Gemini表面活性剂8-NP-8、10-NP-10及12-NP-12的临界胶束浓度(cmc)值分别为:0.99,0.15和0.032 mmol/L;非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的表面活性及cmc值受电解质的影响较小;氧乙基数为12的非离子型Gemini表面活性剂可以使亲水及亲油固体表面的接触角明显降低,水润湿性增强;非离子型Gemini表面活性剂溶液的粘度随剪切速率增加基本保持不变,呈现出牛顿流体的特性。     

Gemini表面活性剂的结构特点及在采油中的应用

文章简要地介绍了Gemini表面活性剂的结构特点；从表面活性剂的作用原理出发，介绍了Gemini表面活性剂的优良性能：如表面张力、泡沫力、润湿力、优异的协同效应、耐温抗盐性等；在此基础上，阐述了该类表面活性剂在油田三次采油上的应用前景。     

Gemini型双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成及应用研究进展

Gemini(双子)型双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂以其独特的结构而具有良好的表面活性、较低的临界胶束浓度(CMC)等优良的物理性能。以间隔基团的不同综述了Gemini型双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成路线,并简要的介绍了Gemini型双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂在杀菌、金属缓蚀、煤沥青润湿、乳化及作为基因和药物载体方面的应用,为Gemini型双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的后续研究提供了参考。并指出要重视其合成条件的优化,以降低生产成本,扩大Gemini型双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的应用范围。     

Gemini（孪联）表面活性剂的界面性质与应用

全面地评述Gemini(孪联）表面活性剂在界面吸附,不溶膜和协同效应等方面近两年国际上的研究进展,总结了部分有代表性Gemini(孪联）表面活性剂的界面物理化学性质。并介绍了这类表面活性剂在增溶,乳液聚合,抗菌和新材料制备等领域的优良应用性能。     

非离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成进展

双子（Gemini）表面活性剂是近年来迅速发展的一类新型表面活性剂,它是指分子中具有双亲水基和双亲油基的由一个间隔基团连接的表面活性剂,与传统表面活性剂相比,Gemini表面活性剂具有许多优异性能。相对而言,近年来非离子Gemini表面活性剂研究远较阴离子和阳离子的Gemini表面活性剂研究少。本文对非离子Gemini表面活性剂的研究现状进行了概述,以期对非离子Gemini类表面活性剂的研究与应用开发有所裨益。     

Gemini磺酸盐类表面活性剂与非离子型表面活性剂在悬浮剂中的复配应用

将Gemini磺酸盐类表面活性剂与农药中常用的几种非离子型表面活性剂复配使用,成功研制出性能优良的20%虫酰肼悬浮剂、50%多菌灵悬浮剂及380g/L噁草酮悬浮剂。实验表明,使用Gemini磺酸盐类表面活性剂与非离子型表面活性剂复配后的产品乳化性能和稳定性得到很大的改善,协同效应明显,大大优于单独使用非离子型表面活性剂的产品。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

Gemini表面活性剂是一类新型的双亲水基、双疏水基两亲表面活性剂,按照其结构特点,Gemini表面活性剂可分为阳离子、阴离子、非离子以及高分子表面活性剂。介绍了Gemini表面活性剂的研究进展和合成现状。     

双亲油基-双亲水基型表面活性剂

介绍一类新型表面活性剂 双亲油基 双亲水基型表面活性剂 ,包括阴离子型、阳离子型、非离子型等。讨论了各种类型双联表面活性剂的合成方法及产品理化性能 ,如表面张力及临界胶束浓度、水溶助长性、增溶性、润湿性、泡沫性、生物安全性等 ,同时指出该类表面活性剂具有重要的实用价值和广阔的开发前景。     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(ⅩⅧ)——酰胺基双子表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了酰胺基双子(gemini)表面活性剂的研究进展,重点介绍了阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型以及两性型酰胺基gemini表面活性剂的种类、结构、合成及性能的研究现状,并展望了酰胺基gemini表面活性剂的发展前景。     

Constructing Surfactant Systems with the Characteristics of Gemini and Oligomeric Surfactants Through Noncovalent Interaction

The superior physicochemical properties of gemini and oligomeric surfactants look promising in a variety of different applications. However, tedious covalent synthesis and complicated purification limit the development of these novel surfactants. Recently, it has been demonstrated as feasible to use noncovalent interactions to construct surfactant systems with the characteristics of gemini or oligomeric surfactants. This short review discusses the strategies of constructing gemini-like or oligomeric-like surfactants through noncovalent interactions by choosing proper building blocks, single-chain surfactants and gemini surfactants along with connecting molecules containing double or multiple binding sites. The current progress in this field has been summarized. This very simple and efficient way to obtain gemini and oligomeric surfactants may make a practical impact on the surfactant industry.     

Effect of Surfactants as Dispersing Agents on the Properties of Microemulsified Inkjet Inks for Polyester Fibers

The preparation of microemulsified disperse inkjet inks was carried out and the effect of the surfactant used as dispersing agents on the properties of the inks was studied. The dispersing agents used were anionic conventional and non-conventional surfactants and a gemini type surfactant. The properties studied were surface tension, pH, conductivity, viscosity and the particle size distribution. The use of the gemini type and the two non conventional surfactants even in submultiple amounts resulted in a significant increase in the ink stability.     

双子表面活性剂的研究进展

双子表面活性剂（gemini或dimeric）是由两个单链单头基普通表面活性剂在离子头基处通过化学键联接而成，这种特殊的结构使其具有比传统表面活性剂更优的性能，本文介绍了双子表面活性剂的发展简史、研究概况以及结构特点，表明这种表面活性剂具有重要的实用价值。     

含杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂合成研究进展

综述了合成含杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂的研究工作,着重介绍了含咪唑、吡啶、三嗪、四氢吡咯、六氢哌啶和三唑等杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂的制备方法。同时简单阐述了其临界胶束浓度、表面张力、胶束聚集数等性能,并展望了含杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂的发展方向。     

阴离子双子表面活性剂合成现状及应用前景

在对传统单链表面活性剂进行分析的基础上,重点论述了阴离子双子表面活性剂的性质和实现产业化有可能采取的合成途径,并且介绍了目标阴离子双子表面活性剂的结构和表面活性,同时也对其在洗涤剂、化妆品和工业助剂等领域的应用前景进行了分析,最后也对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

二聚表面活性剂的性质及其应用

介绍了二聚表面活性剂的性质,并以此为基础讨论了其在常规领域,特殊领域方面的应用情况,通过讨论表明,二聚表面活性剂是一种极具商业开发价值的新型表面活性剂。     

三次采油用表面活性剂结构对油/水界面性能的影响

测定了几种不同分子结构的磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂水溶液与国内某油田原油间的界面张力。结果表明:磺酸盐类表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力相对较高,且磺酸盐的烷链长度、芳环种类对界面张力的影响较大,调整磺酸盐的分子结构可以使油水界面张力降低到10~(-2)mN/m数量级;醇/酚醚类非离子表面活性剂以及两性表面活性剂仅能使油水界面张力降低至0.1 mN/m~10 mN/m数量级。     

Clay Swelling Inhibition Using Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacers

Hydration of shale formation by water-based drilling fluids leads to several problems, such as the collapse of boreholes, tight holes, and stuck pipe, which may impede further drilling and time loss in rectifying the problems, leading to heavy economic losses. This study reports the development of new gemini cationic surfactants as shale-swelling inhibitors. These gemini surfactants are structurally similar but differ in terms of the spacer group. Saturated butyl group ( GS1 ) and unsaturated 2-butenyl ( GS2 ) and 2-butynyl ( GS3 ) were introduced as spacer groups of gemini surfactants. To assess the performance of new gemini cationic surfactants, two reliable clay sources were considered. The first clay is from an unconventional formation and the second clay is sodium bentonite. The inhibition characteristics of gemini surfactants were evaluated using dynamic swelling, hot rolling, rheology, and filtration experiments. Different formulations based on commercially available solutions for shale-swelling inhibitors were applied and compared with cationic shale inhibitors. It was observed that the new gemini cationic surfactants with different spacers (saturated and unsaturated) reduced the shale swelling by different percentages. The GS2 surfactant, containing an unsaturated double bond proved to be a good swelling inhibitor as compared to GS1 and GS3 . It also showed acceptable performance compared with the common shale inhibitor (KCl) used in the industry. The addition of surfactant has less impact on the rheological properties as compared to KCl. The filtration properties of the base mud were unchanged when surfactants were used. However, the commercial inhibitor, KCl, significantly increased the filtration volume that is associated with the disintegration of the clay. In summary, unlike commercial inhibitors, the synthesized surfactants reduced the clay swelling without affecting the other properties of the drilling fluids.