N-丁基全氟辛基磺酰胺的合成工艺的研究

含氟表面活性剂是特种表面活性剂中的重要品种,而N-丁基全氟辛基磺酰胺是含氟表面活性剂中应用范围比较广泛的品种。采用全氟辛基磺酰氟与正丁胺为原料合成N-丁基全氟辛基磺酰胺,研究了溶剂、催化剂、反应物配比、反应温度和时间等条件对反应的影响,利用红外光谱对反应产物的结构进行了表征分析。结果表明,N-丁基全氟辛基磺酰胺的较佳合成工艺为：异丙醚为溶剂,三乙胺为催化剂,全氟辛基磺酰氟：正丁胺配比为1：1．1,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3h,产品收率为86．75％,表面张力为16mN／m。     

专利文摘

全氟三丁基胺的制备特开昭61,288,088(工业)通式为 NRn(CR_2~1CF_2GR_2~2CR_2~3)_(3-n)(R=Bu;R~1,R~2,R~3=氢或氟;n=0,1,2)的叔胺经电介氟化可制得高得率的全氟三丁胺,用作惰性流体和人造血。C_4H_9N-(CH_2CF_2CHFCF_3)_320g,HF100g 加到有6镍电极的电解氟化槽中,经20A 和5.5～6.5V/4h 电解后获得60%得率的全氟三丁胺。     

电解氟化研究(Ⅱ)

介绍了俄罗斯联邦国家应用化学科学中心在电解氟化领域开展的研究工作.研究了电解氟化时原始有机化合物结构及其含量、活性添加剂、阳极电流密度、极化工况、电解液循环速度和温度以及电解槽结构等各种因素的影响.结果表明:吡啶和N-三丁胺电解氟化的最佳值w分别为7%～10%和5%～7%,i分别为0.08～0.2 A/cm2和0.03～0.05 A/cm2;有机混合物中添加N-丁基硫醇可稳定电解过程,其质量分数最佳为15%～20%;采用低负荷的脉冲电流极化工况有利电解过程,降低阳极的腐蚀速度;电解的温度0～ 20℃为宜;电解槽可采用电解液内循环、外循环结构,或其混合结构.     

电解氟化研究(Ⅰ)

介绍了俄罗斯联邦国家应用化学科学中心在电解氟化领域开展的研究工作。研究了电解氟化时原始有机化合物结构及其含量、活性添加剂、阳极电流密度、极化工况、电解液循环速度和温度以及电解槽结构等各种因素的影响。结果表明:吡啶和N-三丁胺电解氟化的最佳值w分别为7%～10%和5%～7%,i分别为0.08～0.2A/cm2和0.03～0.05A/cm2;有机混合物中添加N-丁基硫醇可稳定电解过程,其质量分数最佳为15%～20%;采用低负荷的脉冲电流极化工况有利电解过程,降低阳极的腐蚀速度;电解温度0～20℃为宜;电解槽可采用电解液内循环、外循环结构,或其混合结构。     

氟硅改性苯丙无皂乳液的制备和性质研究

以N-烯丙基全氟戊基磺酰胺、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸为主要单体,马来酸酯为反应性乳化剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,通过乳液聚合制备了有机氟硅改性苯丙无皂乳液.讨论了聚合工艺、聚合温度、水用量、氟硅单体用量对乳液性能的影响.结果表明,采用预乳化法、反应性乳化剂的质量分数2.5%、水的质量分数50%～60%、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷的质量分数为1.6%、N-烯丙基全氟戊基磺酰胺质量分数为1%、聚合温度75～80℃、聚合时间5～6 h时,单体转化率较高,改性乳液的稳定性较好、乳胶膜的吸水率和表面张力大大降低.     

2-噻吩乙酸的合成

在催化剂作用下,2-乙酰噻吩与过量的正丁胺反应生成乙酰噻吩-N-正丁胺,减压浓缩后直接在有机溶剂中与过量的硫反应得到N-丁基噻吩硫酰胺粗品,经浓缩、静置、过滤后在庚醇中氢氧化钠作用下发生水解,进一步酸化得到2-噻吩乙酸,总收率为46.5%.     

异丁醇的催化氨化研究

本研究是以异丁醇为起始原料,液氨为氨化剂,在临氢气相条件和催化剂M的存在下氨化合成异丁胺、二异丁胺、三异丁胺.研究了反应温度、反应时间、压力、氨醇比对收率的影响,获得了较佳合成工艺;当温度为160～170℃,压力为10Kgf/cm2时异丁醇的单程转化率为最高.     

N-二甲氨基丙基-N-三乙氧基硅甲基全氟辛基磺酰胺的合成

全氟辛基磺酰氟与N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺在甲苯中反应,得到N-3-二甲氨基丙基全氟辛基磺酰胺;再与氯甲基三乙氧基硅烷在乙醇中反应,制得N-二甲氨基丙基-N-三乙氧硅基甲基全氟辛基磺酰胺,产率达84%.通过红外光谱、核磁共振谱对目标产物进行了结构表征,测得该化合物在乙醇-水溶液中的表面张力为17.3 mN/m.     

测氯仪器防腐隔离液——全氟三丁胺

全氟三丁胺性能稳定,比重为1.86,粘度小,不易挥发,与氯气不起作用。因此,在氯碱系统中作为测氯气仪器的隔离液效果很好。全氟三丁胺作充液,用低沸点液面计测量氯气热交换器的液面,已用三年了,效果很好。全氟三丁胺作隔离液,测量氯气压力、氯气液面、氯气流量、业进行控制,效果好     

富钙溶液中萃取与反应耦合强化CO2矿化过程

提出一种溶剂萃取与Ca²⁺碳酸化的耦合反应过程,以三丁胺为萃取剂将HCl从水相萃取到有机相,在固定CO₂的同时实现CaCl₂的碳酸化,副产碳酸钙与氯化铵。实验结果显示,超过98%的Ca²⁺在1400s内沉淀为碳酸钙,反应后有机相迅速与水相实现分层,并通过与氨水反应再生,三丁胺回收率约为98%。采用粒径分布与显微镜观察证明了Ca²⁺沉淀过程发生在油包水结构中。以15%浓度的CO₂作为碳源,反应时间为2700 s时,Ca²⁺沉淀率达到98.31%,显示该工艺将高成本的CO₂捕集过程和封存过程集成,可处理低浓度烟气中的CO₂。过程无须CO₂捕集费用以及热量输入,同时副产碳酸钙和氯化铵产品,有望缓解常规CO₂捕集封存技术高成本的难题。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。