Segmentation of ultrasound images of the carotid using RANSAC and cubic splines

A new algorithm is proposed for the semi-automatic segmentation of the near-end and the far-end adventitia boundary of the common carotid artery in ultrasound images. It uses the random sample consensus method to estimate the most significant cubic splines fitting the edge map of a longitudinal section. The consensus of the geometric model (a spline) is evaluated through a new gain function, which integrates the responses to different discriminating features of the carotid boundary: the proximity of the geometric model to any edge or to valley shaped edges; the consistency between the orientation of the normal to the geometric model and the intensity gradient; and the distance to a rough estimate of the lumen boundary.A set of 50 longitudinal B-mode images of the common carotid and their manual segmentations performed by two medical experts were used to assess the performance of the method. The image set was taken from 25 different subjects, most of them having plaques of different classes (class II to class IV), sizes and shapes.The quantitative evaluation showed promising results, having detection errors similar to the ones observed in manual segmentations for 95% of the far-end boundaries and 73% of the near-end boundaries.     

Joint Dereverberation and Residual Echo Suppression of Speech Signals in Noisy Environments

Hands-free devices are often used in a noisy and reverberant environment. Therefore, the received microphone signal does not only contain the desired near-end speech signal but also interferences such as room reverberation that is caused by the near-end source, background noise and a far-end echo signal that results from the acoustic coupling between the loudspeaker and the microphone. These interferences degrade the fidelity and intelligibility of near-end speech. In the last two decades, postfilters have been developed that can be used in conjunction with a single microphone acoustic echo canceller to enhance the near-end speech. In previous works, spectral enhancement techniques have been used to suppress residual echo and background noise for single microphone acoustic echo cancellers. However, dereverberation of the near-end speech was not addressed in this context. Recently, practically feasible spectral enhancement techniques to suppress reverberation have emerged. In this paper, we derive a novel spectral variance estimator for the late reverberation of the near-end speech. Residual echo will be present at the output of the acoustic echo canceller when the acoustic echo path cannot be completely modeled by the adaptive filter. A spectral variance estimator for the so-called late residual echo that results from the deficient length of the adaptive filter is derived. Both estimators are based on a statistical reverberation model. The model parameters depend on the reverberation time of the room, which can be obtained using the estimated acoustic echo path. A novel postfilter is developed which suppresses late reverberation of the near-end speech, residual echo and background noise, and maintains a constant residual background noise level. Experimental results demonstrate the beneficial use of the developed system for reducing reverberation, residual echo, and background noise.      

一种基于模糊逻辑推理的双端发声检测算法

为了提高双端发声检测算法的性能、减少切音现象，文中提出了一种基于双统计量模糊逻辑推理的双端发声检测算法，并在回声消除系统中加入了舒适噪声生成部分。文中对传统的双端发声检测算法进行了分析，指出了这些算法由于采用固定门限，不能处理双端发声检测统计量其固有的模糊性，造成了在给定的虚警概率下，漏警概率偏高的问题。算法分析和实验结果表明，该算法大大地提高了双端发声检测的性能，很好地解决了加入非线性处理后的切音问题。     

A Variable Step-Size Affine Projection Algorithm Designed for Acoustic Echo Cancellation

The adaptive algorithms used for acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) have to provide 1) high convergence rates and good tracking capabilities, since the acoustic environments imply very long and time-variant echo paths, and 2) low misadjustment and robustness against background noise variations and double-talk. In this context, the affine projection algorithm (APA) and different versions of it are very attractive choices for AEC. However, an APA with a constant step-size parameter has to compromise between the performance criteria 1) and 2). Therefore, a variable step-size APA (VSS-APA) represents a more reliable solution. In this paper, we propose a VSS-APA derived in the context of AEC. Most of the APAs aim to cancel $p$ (i.e., projection order) previous a posteriori errors at every step of the algorithm. The proposed VSS-APA aims to recover the near-end signal within the error signal of the adaptive filter. Consequently, it is robust against near-end signal variations (including double-talk). This algorithm does not require any a priori information about the acoustic environment, so that it is easy to control in practice. The simulation results indicate the good performance of the proposed algorithm as compared to other members of the APA family.      

高速芯片封装中多平行传输线的设计与优化

随着封装基板朝着高阶高密度方向发展,其信号完整性问题也日趋严重。为研究高速互连结构中反射、串扰等问题与封装基板类型、设计参数和传输线物理特性的相关性,改进了简单的二线平行耦合模型,采用三维电磁仿真软件构建了新的封装级三平行传输线模型,分析了陶瓷基板与有机基板上的传输线反射和串扰特性,研究了该结构下减小反射系数与串扰噪声的方法。仿真结果表明,封装基板上传输线反射系数S11与阻抗匹配程度相关,受信号线宽、厚度和介质厚度影响较大,且S11最小值在不同频率下匹配的最优线宽也不同,需根据不同信号频率具体选择。近端串扰系数受边缘场作用,与线间距密切相关,远端串扰系数受介质厚度影响较大,在相同条件下,远端串扰噪声一般小于近端串扰,对其评估时需结合基板上信号密度、基板材料特性和介质厚度具体分析。     

适用于即时翻译系统的改进仿射投影算法 *

针对即时翻译系统应用中存在双端对讲干扰和模型噪声的问题,提出了一种适用于便携式即时翻译系统的改进变步长仿射投影算法。新算法在收敛步长中引入近端信号能量统计量和滤波器收敛程度统计量,根据统计量的改变实时调整步长参数,防止算法发散。仿真结果表明,与传统自适应滤波算法和改进仿射投影算法相比,所提出的算法不但可以有效克服双端对讲干扰,而且在收敛速度、稳态失调等方面也有明显改善。     

具有双方对讲保护的自适应回波消除新算法

基于电话会议的声学回波中的双方对讲情况,本文提出了一个无需设置双方对讲检测器,但仍能在双讲过程中保护自适应滤波器消除性能的NLMS类算法.由于可以由远端信号和近端混合接收信号之间的相关性系数的变化来判断双讲发生或回波路径改变,所以改进的算法中直接将其代入滤波器权系数的迭代公式中,从而控制滤波器系数更新的快慢.仿真结果表明与同类算法相比,采用更小的计算量,该算法在双方对讲时能较好地起到保护作用,而在回波路径改变时也具有快速的跟踪性能.     

一种计算复杂度低的双端通话检测算法

在声学回音消除中,近端语音的出现会导致模拟回音路径的自适应滤波器发散,一个成熟的声学回音消除器应该包含有双端通话检测算法。针对这个问题,提出了一种计算复杂度低的、基于麦克风信号与误差信号的互相关双端通话检测算法。同时,该算法与滤波器系数缓存机制相结合以进一步提高系统的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的检测性能,可以对双端通话的出现和消失做出快速响应,同时能显著提高系统在双端通话环境下的回音消除效果。     

Speech energy redistribution for intelligibility improvement in noise based on a perceptual distortion measure

A speech pre-processing algorithm is presented that improves the speech intelligibility in noise for the near-end listener. The algorithm improves intelligibility by optimally redistributing the speech energy over time and frequency according to a perceptual distortion measure, which is based on a spectro-temporal auditory model. Since this auditory model takes into account short-time information, transients will receive more amplification than stationary vowels, which has been shown to be beneficial for intelligibility of speech in noise. The proposed method is compared to unprocessed speech and two reference methods using an intelligibility listening test. Results show that the proposed method leads to significant intelligibility gains while still preserving quality. Although one of the methods used as a reference obtained higher intelligibility gains, this happened at the cost of decreased quality. Matlab code is provided.     

野战有线通信系统二线全双工接口测试电路设计

野战有线通信系统全双工接口在单对线上同时收发信号,难以直接进行数据采集和测试。针对上述问题,研究了一种基于收发分离和自适应回波抵消的二线全双工接口测试方法。首先,设计电子收发分离器,实现线路上收发信号的隔离;然后,使用自适应回波抵消器,完成了近端回波干扰信号的抵消;最后,借鉴软件无线电技术和存储测试技术,构建测试系统,实现激励信号生成与数据采集。仿真和实验表明,该测试方法能够实现有效完成收发信号隔离以及回波干扰信号抵消,适用于野战有线通信系统二线全双工接口测试。     

最小加权分割路径的古籍手写汉字多步切分方法

针对古籍古文献中部分汉字易发生粘连现象,提出一种古籍手写汉字多步分割方法.该方法继承了以往粗分割和细分割相结合的思想,首先采用投影进行粗分割,将手写汉字分为粘连字符和非粘连字符两类;然后针对粘连字符串抛弃常用的串行模式,直接采用粗分割的统计信息,设置初始分割路径,并基于最短分割路径的思想,在初始分割路径的局部邻域内基于最小权值搜索并修改分割路径,从而获得最佳的加权分割路径.实验证明该方法解决了字符分割不足和多处粘连字符的分割问题,有效的提高了分割的准确率,且算法的时间复杂度较低,算法效率较高.     

结合语义边界信息的道路环境语义分割方法

语义分割是实现道路语义环境解释的重要方法,深度学习语义分割由于卷积、池化及反卷积的作用使分割边界模糊、不连续以及小目标漏分错分,影响了分割效果,降低了分割精度。针对上述问题,提出了一种结合语义边界信息的新的语义分割方法,首先在语义分割深度模型中构建了一个语义边界检测子网,利用网络中的特征共享层将语义边界检测子网络学习到的语义边界信息传递给语义分割网络;然后结合语义边界检测任务和语义分割任务定义了新的模型代价函数,同时完成语义边界检测和语义分割两个任务,提升语义分割网络对物体边界的描述能力,提高语义分割质量。最后在Cityscapes数据集上进行一系列实验证明,结合语义边界信息的语义分割方法在准确率上比已有的语义分割网络SegNet提升了2.9%,比ENet提升了1.3%。所提方法可以改善语义分割中出现的分割不连续、物体边界不清晰、小目标错分漏分、分割精度不高等问题。     

CT图像分割几种算法

图像分割在许多图像分析和图像识别过程中都是必需的步骤。目前,借助图像分割技术来进行医学影像处理正成为当今医学界的一个发展方向。本文正是在这一背景下对医学影像处理中的几种分割算法进行了研究,主要包括FastMarching分割算法、LiveWire分割算法、区域增长分割算法和阈值分割算法;同时,结合脑部CT片进行了实验研究,为这些算法在医学影像处理上的应用提供了一定的科学依据。     

基于三维全卷积网络的肝脏和肝癌分割算法研究

为了解决计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)影像中肝脏和肝癌的准确分割问题,提出了基于三维全卷积网络的肝脏分割算法和肝癌分割算法。肝脏分割算法和肝癌分割算法都采用Vnet网络进行分割。在肝脏分割算法中,采用了形态学方法进行后处理,提高了肝脏分割准确率。在肝癌分割算法中,采用了组合损失函数训练Vnet网络,使得Vnet网络更好地收敛,并加入后处理提高了肝癌分割准确率。为了验证算法的性能,采用MICCAI 2017 Liver Tumor Segmentation Challenge(LiTS)数据集进行了肝脏分割和肝癌分割的5折交叉验证实验。肝脏分割算法在测试集的平均分割准确率为0.9510,高于Unet网络和3D Unet网络;肝癌分割算法的平均分割准确率为0.712。实验结果表明,肝脏分割算法可以准确地对肝脏进行分割,肝癌分割算法也达到了较高的准确率。     

小波融合技术在图像分割算法中的应用研究

针对图像分割出现一些重要信息丢失与过分割的问题,提出了将小波融合技术应用到图像分割算法中,并对其进行实验验证。首先将图像分别进行Canny分割与迭代阈值分割;然后将这两种分割后的图像进行小波融合,得到融合图像。实验验证结果表明,与传统的Canny分割、迭代阈值分割相比,该算法能结合这两种分割算法的优点,互相弥补各自的一些不足之处并具有一定的抗噪声能力。     

地铁牵引供电系统直流侧短路故障研究

牵引网短路故障中线路电气参数的暂态变化是研究轨道线路保护与控制技术和短路故障定位技术的基础。基于Matlab/Simulink建立了24脉波整流电路模型,计算了集肤效应作用下等效接触网与钢轨网的电阻和电感值,建立了直流牵引供电系统牵引网短路故障仿真模型,利用该模型对空载线路下牵引变电所近端与远端的牵引网短路故障进行仿真,分析电流瞬态值随不同故障距离变化情况。仿真结果曲线充分反应整流机组等非线性器件使得近端短路瞬态电流峰值呈振荡收敛状态,证明了该模型的准确性,为牵引变电系统线路保护装置的精确配置提供参考。     

基于RGB彩色空间的图像分割研究

图像分割是图像处理中的主要问题,图像分割效果的好坏直接影响图像分析的结果。彩色图像分割是指将彩色图像分割成各具特性的区域并提取出其中感兴趣的目标,为后续图像处理工作奠定基础。针对彩色图像梯度图进行分水岭分割会造成过分割的问题,比较阈值分割、最大类间方差分割和最大熵分割等图像分割方法,提出一种基于遗传算法改进最大熵的彩色图像分割方法。实验结果表明,该图像分割算法灵活性强,可以有效地分割彩色图像。     

Segment confidence-based binary segmentation (SCBS) for cursive handwritten words

A novel segment confidence-based binary segmentation (SCBS) for cursive handwritten words is presented in this paper. SCBS is a character segmentation strategy for off-line cursive handwriting recognition. Unlike the approaches in the literature, SCBS is an unordered segmentation approach. SCBS is repetition of binary segmentation and fusion of segment confidence. Each repetition generates only one final segmentation point. The binary segmentation module is a contour tracing algorithm to find a segmentation path to divide a segment into two segments. A set of segments before binary segmentation is called pre-segments, and a set of segments after binary segmentation is called post-segments. SCBS uses over-segmentation technique to generate suspicious segmentation points on pre-segments. On each suspicious segmentation point, binary segmentation is performed and the highest fusion value is recorded. If the highest fusion value is greater than the one of pre-segments, the suspicious segmentation point becomes the final segmentation point for the iteration. If not, no more segmentation is required. Segment confidence is obtained by fusing mean character, lexical and shape confidences. The proposed approach has been evaluated on local and benchmark (CEDAR) databases.     

几种常用CT图像分割算法分析和探讨

图像分割是数字图像处理的一个经典难题。其分割质量的好坏直接影响到图像处理的后续工作。因而在理论研究和实际应用中受到研究人员的广泛重视。本文在总结了过去的分割方法基础上,就目前常用几种分割方法进行实验研究。主要包括阈值分割、LOG算子分割、FCM聚类分割、分水岭分割,并结合CT图像进行图像分割。文章阐述了各种分割方法的概念及原理,并在此基础上对分割结果进行了分析和探讨,得出各种方法的优点和不足。这些实验结论将为后续研究提供科学依据。     

基于稀疏主成分分析和自适应阈值选择的图像分割算法

图像分割是机器视觉中的基础问题,基于阈值的图像分割算法依赖于参数调整,但参数调整容易受到局部最小值的影响且需要耗费大量时间,从而降低了分割算法的质量和效率。为了实现图像分割过程中的自适应阈值选择,提出了一种基于稀疏主成分分析和自适应阈值选择的图像分割算法。该算法首先利用稀疏主成分分析感知图像的噪声水平以自适应去噪,其次通过二维直方图感知图像的主干区域内容以自适应获得全局分割阈值,然后通过移动平均法的局部阈值分割算法对图像进行分割,最后将全局阈值分割和局部阈值分割图像结合,从而获得最佳的分割图像结果。在伯克利数据集上的仿真实验结果表明:相比传统的阈值分割算法,该算法在分割边缘的准确性和对噪声的鲁棒性上具有一定的优势,在主客观上均具有较好的分割效果,基于稀疏主成分分析的自适应阈值选择方法提高了图像的分割质量。