基于响应面法和保压曲线的注塑工艺参数优化分析

以某一电工仪表外壳为研究对象,模具温度、熔体温度、充填时间和保压压力4个注塑工艺参数为优化目标,制品残余应力和体积收缩率为试验目标函数,采用响应面法(RSM)进行试验设计。所得最优工艺参数优化组合为:模具温度80℃、熔体温度285℃、充填时间1.8 s、保压压力89.18 MPa。经Moldflow模拟,得到最大残余应力与最大体积收缩率分别为54.83 MPa和3.395 4%,这表明响应面模型对工艺参数具有很好的优化效果。以此工艺参数组合为基础,进一步对保压曲线进行优化,得到了近乎最小的残余应力和体积收缩率,从而保证了产品质量,提高了生产效率。     

基于Moldflow Insight2010的降低制品残余应力分析

注塑制品的残余应力影响制品的形状、表面质量及使用性能.在分析残余应力产生的机理和原因的基础上,应用软件模拟实验方法,介绍了降低残余应力的方法,结果发现冷却方式与熔体温度对残余应力的影响很大,其次是模具温度、保压压力和保压时间的影响,程度依次递减.得出的结论对工程实际应用有一定的指导意义.     

注射成型聚苯乙烯制品双折射的光弹测试与分析

分析了无定形聚合物注射成型双折射行为及其产生机理,利用光弹法测试了不同工艺条件下聚苯乙烯(PS)平面内双折射分布,考察了熔体温度和保压压力变化对制品双折射和流动残余应力的影响。结果表明,PS制品残余双折射值在流动方向上从浇口附近至流动末端逐渐降低,并且最大双折射值随保压压力增加和熔体温度降低而升高;保压压力对浇口附近双折射分布影响明显。根据双折射的光弹测试结果分析了P制品分子取向和流动残余应力的分布趋势。     

基于响应面法的注塑件残余应力优化

考虑模具温度、熔体温度、保压压力和保压时间等4个注塑工艺参数,利用响应面法进行实验设计,通过Moldflow注塑模拟软件对所设计的实验进行有限元分析,得到注塑工艺参数对制品残余应力值的影响.结果发现4个工艺参数中,熔体温度和保压压力对注塑制品残余应力值的影响极为显著,而模具温度和保压时间对制品残余应力值的影响则不显著.文章的研究结果为注塑工艺参数的调整、选取和优化,为获得残余应力值最小的优质塑料制品提供了方法和思路.     

注射成型薄壁制品收缩与翘曲因素

介绍了薄壁注射成型的充填、保压、冷却和残余应力的数值模型,并将集成的模拟程序对收缩翘曲问题进行定量地模拟分析.采用Taguchi 实验优化设计理论,用L₂₇（3¹³）正交表设计实验并进行了统计分析.研究了因素如熔体温度、模具温度、保压时间、保压压力、浇口尺寸和注射速率对收缩与翘曲的影响的显著性.得出优化工艺参数如熔体温度、模具温度、保压时间和压力能减少残余热应力;保压压力和熔体温度是影响收缩与翘曲的最显著因素.     

变曲率ICM聚碳酸酯制品残余应力分布

结合注射压缩成型（injection compression molding,ICM）工艺特点,运用平面偏振和数值仿真方法,对变曲率聚碳酸酯ICM制品残余应力的分布进行分析,研究不同压缩工艺下残余应力分布特点以及随曲率变化的规律。结果发现：除了浇口和末端小部分区域外,光弹应力条纹环绕制品形状分布;顺序式ICM残余应力条纹有较规整的对称分布结构,同步式ICM充填末端区域残余应力在厚度方向与传统注塑成型区别较为明显,呈现“压-拉”两层应力分布状态;同一平面内,变曲率ICM制品厚度方向残余应力随曲率的减小而递减。除平板制品外,其余四类不同曲率制品的平均残余应力与对应曲率均呈反比例变化关系。研究对优化变曲率透明聚合物制品的设计有一定指导意义。     

变曲率ICM聚碳酸酯制品残余应力分布

结合注射压缩成型(injection compression molding,ICM)工艺特点,运用平面偏振和数值仿真方法,对变曲率聚碳酸酯ICM制品残余应力的分布进行分析,研究不同压缩工艺下残余应力分布特点以及随曲率变化的规律。结果发现:除了浇口和末端小部分区域外,光弹应力条纹环绕制品形状分布;顺序式ICM残余应力条纹有较规整的对称分布结构,同步式ICM充填末端区域残余应力在厚度方向与传统注塑成型区别较为明显,呈现"压-拉"两层应力分布状态;同一平面内,变曲率ICM制品厚度方向残余应力随曲率的减小而递减。除平板制品外,其余四类不同曲率制品的平均残余应力与对应曲率均呈反比例变化关系。研究对优化变曲率透明聚合物制品的设计有一定指导意义。     

基于Moldflow的注塑件残余内应力的研究

通过对注塑件残余内应力的影响因素的分析,发现熔体温度和模具温度对残余内应力的产生较大的影响,注射速率、保压时间和保压压力相对影响较小,通过对注塑工艺参数的优化,可以降低残余内应力;工业静液压测试验证了数值模拟的结果,且发现熔体温度和模具温度对残余内应力的产生较大的影响,注射速率、保压时间和保压压力相对影响较小。     

退火对注射成型PC制品力学性能的影响

注射成型的塑料光学制品应用日益广泛,但注射成型加工的聚碳酸酯制品通常有较大的残余应力,会对制品的光学性能、力学性能有负面的影响,而退火可减少/消除制品的残余应力。本文考察了退火对不同工艺条件下注射制品残余应力和力学性能的影响。研究的工艺条件包括三水平的变化的模具温度、熔体温度、保压压力、冷却时间等;残余应力的变化通过光弹实验的应力干涉条纹表示,力学性能的变化以拉伸强度、延伸率的变化表示。实验发现,退火前后,不同工艺条件下注塑PC制品拉伸强度平均提高4.5%,最大达9.0%;同时,断裂延伸率平均降低3%,最多减少14%。     

注塑工艺参数对制品残余应力和收缩的影响

注塑成型工艺参数对制品的最终残余应力和收缩有着直接的影响。基于线性黏弹性模型模拟计算了注塑成型过程中由温度和压力引起的残余应力和收缩。以无定型材料PS和ABS为例，系统地研究了不同成型工艺条件下平板制件的最终残余应力和收缩，并和实验结果进行对比验证。结果表明：在流动方向上无定型材料的收缩基本保持不变，残余应力沿壁厚分布的形状也基本相同，但流动末端处的应力值稍大于流动入口处；保压压力是影响制品收缩的关键因素，提高保压压力和注射温度可以降低制品的最终收缩，而模具温度对收缩的影响较小。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。