钛/铝/钛层状复合材料的爆炸复合制备及后续热压处理研究

本文以纯钛板与纯铝板为原料,通过爆炸复合法制备钛/铝/钛层状复合材料,之后采用热处理以及热压工艺对钛/铝/钛层状复合材料进行进一步处理。研究结果表明：复合板界面主要由波状界面和平直状界面构成,铝元素与钛元素在界面上发生了互扩散,界面结合性能优良,可以承受后续较大的二次塑性变形;热处理后的复合板界面发生明显扩散,在热处理25 h后热压2.5 h后铝层完全反应,扩散反应层主要由TiAl₃相以及Ti₂Al₅相构成。     

钛/铝/镁爆炸焊复合板波形界面及力学性能

文中提出以薄的铝合金板作为过渡层,采用爆炸焊接技术成功制备钛/铝/镁层状复合材料. 对钛/铝接合界面、铝/镁接合界面及钛/铝/镁爆炸复合板的整体力学性能进行了分析研究. OM和SEM试验结果表明,钛/铝接合界面和铝/镁接合界面均为波状接合界面,在铝/镁界面出现了局部熔化区;钛/铝接合界面为小尺寸波(λ=160 μm,h=26 μm),铝/镁接合界面为大尺寸波(λ=1 740 μm,h=406 μm);拉-剪试验表明,复合板沿着铝/镁接合界面断裂;弯曲性能测试表明,钛板一侧受拉时复合板弯曲强度和塑性均优于镁合金板一侧受拉,断裂始于铝/镁接合界面,最终从镁合金板一侧剪切断裂失效.     

A prediction for fatigue crack growth rate in diffusion bonded Al/Ti interface

A melt diffusion bonding technique was developed to make a joint of Ti and Al, which had been regarded as almost impossible because of high activity. Fatigue crack growth rates, da/dN of the Al/Ti interfaces were measured experimentally at various stress ratios and compared with pure Ti and Al. The interface showed a resistance to fatigue crack propagation as good as that of aluminum alloy. The proposed universal equations on the basis of the crack closure concept made it possible to predict da/dN for various ΔK and R. Fatigue crack was observed to grow in the Al side adjacent to the interface along the direction parallel to the interface. It was observed to form the intermetallic compounds in the interface region.     

钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接技术研究进展

通过爆炸焊接技术制备的钛/铝复合板可兼具钛合金耐腐蚀性和铝合金低成本的优点。对钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接技术的研究进展进行介绍,论述了炸药种类、质量比R、基覆板间距及爆炸焊接窗口等主要工艺参数对钛/铝复合板组织和性能的影响;分析了影响钛/铝复合板结合界面的主要因素——金属间化合物种类、扩散层和界面波形;对钛/铝复合板硬度、抗剪切强度、抗拉强度及拉伸断口的研究进行了汇总分析。最后,指出了钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接工艺研究的重点发展方向。     

Improving Ductility and Anisotropy by Dynamic Recrystallization in Ti/Mg Laminated Metal Composite

Ti/Mg laminated metal composites (LMCs) were processed by hot roll bonding and subsequent annealing at 200 °C and 300 °C for 1 h, and the effect of dynamic recrystallization on the microstructure and anisotropy behavior was investigated in detail. The results revealed that, in both as-rolled and annealed Ti/Mg LMCs, the inhomogeneous distribution in the microstructure of Mg layers near the interface and near the center was related to the effect of friction between the roller and sheet surface and uncoordinated deformation between constituent layers. With increasing annealing temperature, Ti/Mg LMCs exhibited excellent elongation without sacrificing strength properties, which was mainly due to the improvement in bonding strength and the increasing strain gradient at the interface between soft and hard layers after annealing treatment. Besides, the increasing Schmid factors (SFs) of prismatic <  a > slip and pyramidal <  c +  a > slip in Mg layers contributed to the improved plastic deformation ability of Ti/Mg LMCs. The experimental analysis indicated that the presence of Mg alloys resulted in the microstructure and mechanical properties of LMCs were different along various loading directions, and annealing treatment can effectively inhibit the anisotropic behavior of Ti/Mg LMCs resulting from the weakening of basal texture in the Mg layer.     

钛/铝异种金属冷金属过渡增材制造

采用TC4和ER2319焊丝直流/变极性冷金属过渡实现异种金属电弧增材制造，通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱、硬度试验、纳米压痕以及拉伸试验等方法对钛/铝构件界面组织特征与力学性能进行分析.结果表明，在钛合金表面堆积铝合金时，只有少量的钛合金熔化，钛原子扩散到液态铝合金中，形成不同长度的TiAl₃金属间化合物.10 μm左右的反应层在钛/铝界面形成.邻近钛侧的反应层均匀连续，靠近铝合金一侧的反应层呈现长条状或块状.界面反应层的显微硬度介于钛合金和铝合金显微硬度之间.构件的最高抗拉强度为111 MPa.     

DRY SLIDING WEAR OF PM Al 10Ti ALLOY

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金属/金属层合板疲劳性能研究

以１４２０Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金。ＬＹ１２爆炸层合板和ＬＦ２１热轧层合板为研究对象。考究了不同结合强度界面对Ｌ－Ｔ取向疲劳裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明：随界面结合强度的减弱分层越来越剧烈。其止裂韧化效果越来越明显。三种实验层合板材的疲劳裂纹扩展都出现了止裂现象。但其机制有所不同。Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金的止裂主要来自事机制。爆炸层合板和热忆合层板的止裂主要来自分层机制。     

TiAl/Al的连接及Ti/TiA/Al系梯度材料的制备

1473K,30MPa,1h的热压条件下烧结了Ti／Ti TiAl／TiAl粉体叠层材料,在烧结过程中,混合层Ti＋TiAl内部发生了剧烈的化学反应（Ti＋TiAl→AlTi2）,该反应波及到相邻的Ti层及TiAl层,因而形成了物相组成渐变的精细梯度结构：Ti／Ti＋AlTi2／AlTi2／AlTi2＋TiAl／TiAl．使用A176Si10Zn10Cu4质量分数,％）合金钎料在853K,20min的钎焊条件下将该材料的TiAl例与Al进行了连接界面的测试表明,钎焊过程中钎料中的元素Si向TiAl表面扩散,并有Ti-Si化合物生成对反应机理进行了探讨．最终获得的Ti／TiAl／Al系密度梯度材料不仅整体致密,而且其密度治厚度准连续变化     

NdFeB表面磁控溅射沉积Ti/Al多层膜的结构及耐腐蚀性能

采用直流磁控溅射技术在烧结NdFeB磁体表面沉积Ti/Al多层膜,并研究其结构及在NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。在Ti/Al多层膜中,Ti层为密排六方结构,成功打断了Al层(面心立方结构)的柱状晶结构生长。与纯Al膜相比,Ti/Al多层膜具有更致密的表面,且周期数增加,表面越平整致密。动电位极化曲线结果发现,纯Al膜试样的自腐蚀电流密度为1.9×10-5 A/cm-2左右,5周期Ti/Al多层膜试样的自腐蚀电流密度约为1.1×10-7 A/cm2,比纯Al膜小近两个数量级,且随着多层膜周期数的增加,其腐蚀电流密度进一步减小。这些结果表明在快速且破坏性强的腐蚀情况下,Ti/Al多层膜抗腐蚀能力比纯Al膜好,且随着周期数的增加进一步提高。NaCl溶液中长期腐蚀试验时,Ti/Al多层膜的耐腐蚀性能不如纯Al膜,这可能是由Ti层和Al层间形成原电池且多层膜应力较大导致。     

Influence of Pin Offset on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Mg/Ti Dissimilar Alloys

The influences of pin offset on the formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joint of Ti6 Al4 V and AZ31 B Mg dissimilar alloys were investigated. The results show that sound joints are obtained at different offsets. With the offset decreasing from 2.5 to 2.1 mm, the number of Ti alloy fragments is increased, and the stir zone(SZ) is enlarged and the grains in SZ become coarser. A hook-like structure is formed at the Mg/Ti interface and its length is increased with the decrease in pin offset. The Al element has an enrichment trend at the Ti alloy side near the Mg/Ti interface when the offset is decreased, which is beneficial to the bonding of the interface. An Al-rich layer with a thickness of 3–5μm forms at the offset of 2.1 mm. All the joints fracture at the interface and present a mixed ductile-and-brittle fracture mode. The joint tensile strength is increased with the offset decreasing from 2.5 to 2.1 mm, and the maximum tensile strength of 175 MPa is acquired at the offset of 2.1 mm.     

Friction stir-induced brazing of Al/Mg lap joints with and without Zn interlayer

The interfacial structure and mechanical properties of Al/Mg joints with and without Zn interlayer by friction stir-induced brazing bond have been investigated. The results revealed that the formation of brittle Al–Mg intermetallics could be effectively suppressed by the addition of Zn interlayer and using appropriate welding parameters, which were replaced by α(Mg)+Mg–Zn and Al–Mg–Zn intermetallic. When rotation speed was further increased, Al–Mg intermetallics were formed again at the interface. The shear strength of Al/Mg joints with Zn interlayer was improved by up to ～25% in comparison with those of the joints without Zn interlayer. A mixture of ductility and cleavage fracture occurred on fracture surfaces of Zn-added joints which was different from the cleavage fracture feature of the direct joints.     

Toughness Enhancement in Roll-Bonded Al6061-15 vol.% SiC Laminates via Controlled Interfacial Delamination

Researchers have examined different approaches to improve damage tolerance of discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA). In this study, three-layer DRA laminates containing two exterior layers of Al6061-15 vol.% SiCp and an interlayer of Al1050 were fabricated by hot roll bonding. Interfacial adhesion between the layers was controlled by means of rolling stain. The results of shear test revealed that, the bonding strength of laminates was influenced by number of rolling passes. Considering this effect, the role of interfacial bonding on the toughness of laminates was studied under three-point bending in the crack divider orientation. The quasi-static toughness of the laminates was greater than that of the monolithic DRA. Plastic deformation of the ductile interlayer and interfacial delamination were found as the major sources of energy absorption in this fracture process. It was shown that interfacial adhesion in these laminate does not alter the initiation energy in quasi-static test. Propagation energy under same loading condition, however, illustrated significant sensitivity to the interfacial bonding. The results of the current study reveal that improving the interfacial adhesion by means of rolling strain eliminates the ease of plastic deformation of the ductile interlayer and thus reduces the contribution of this mechanism in quasi-static toughness of the laminate.     

Ti／Al2O3梯度功能材料热疲劳裂纹扩展机理

对Ti／Al2O3梯度功能材料进行了物相分析，研究了在热应力作用下的热疲劳裂纹产生的根源及其扩展方式和形态。结果表明：该体系主要有Ti，Al2O3，还有少量的TiAl，Ti3Al，AlNb2组成。Ti/Al2O3界面处生成的Ti3Al相以及Ti3Al周围的气孔是热疲劳裂纹的主要萌生和扩展地；随着成分的变化，裂纹的扩展由沿晶开裂转变为穿晶断裂，裂纹扩展的路线并不是直线，在各梯度层间发生了裂纹的偏转。     

In-situ tensile deformation behavior of powder metallurgy Ti6Al4V alloys

In this study, in-situ tensile deformation behavior of powder metallurgy (PM) Ti6Al4V alloys was investigated to analyze the crack initiation and propagation. Accordingly, the fracture mechanisms of the as-sintered and forged PM alloys were summarized. At the initial stage of plastic deformation, cracks appeared in the stress concentration area of pores in the as-sintered Ti6Al4V alloy, and the crack propagation direction was along the phase boundary. Due to the existence of pores, early fracture was obtained, resulting in low elongation of 6.3%. After forging, the crack initiation occurred between α lamellar structure, and the propagation direction was along the lamellar direction. The fine lamellar structure in different directions in the forged PM Ti6Al4V alloy can hinder the crack propagation, thus improving the plasticity. As a result, better comprehensive mechanical performance was obtained in the forged sample, with UTS of 960 MPa, YS of 850 MPa, and EL of 16%.     

钛的电阻钎焊技术研究

研究了Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－２Ｓｉ和Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－５Ｓｉ金属间化合物合金的热轧组织与性能,结果发现：随着变形量的增加,两种合金第二相Ｔｉ５Ｓｉ３变得细小且趋向于均匀分布。变形量越大,合金的室温四点弯曲程度越大,含Ｔｉ５Ｓｉ３较多的Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－５Ｓｉ合金的弯曲强度较高。两种合金的室温弯曲断口形貌均为准解理形式,两相界面结合较强。高温拉伸试验表明：随变形量的增大,Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－２Ｓｉ合金的拉伸强度和塑性都增加。Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－５Ｓｉ合金由于变形量较大和较高的强化相体积含量,拉伸强度明显较Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－２Ｓｉ合金的为高,但塑性却大为降低     

SiC/Ti6Al4V复合材料界面反应产物的形成序列及扩散路径

通过SiC/Ti6Al4V钛基复合材料的制备及在不同条件下的热处理试验，利用SEM，EDS及XRD分析技术研究复合材料界面反应产物相的形成及反应元素的扩散路径。结果表明：反应元素如C，Ti，Si在界面反应层中出现浓度波动，合金元素Al并没有显著扩散进入界面反应产物层，而是在界面反应前沿堆积，其界面反应产物被确认为Ti3SiC2，TiCx，Ti5Si3C，和Ti3Si；在界面反应初期，存在着TiC＋Ti5Si3Cx双相区，当形成各界面反应产物单相区时，SiC／Ti6Al4V复合材料界面反应扩散的完整路径应为：SiC ｜ Ti3SiC2 ｜ Ti5Si3Cx ｜ TiCx ｜ Ti3Si｜ Ti6Al4V＋TiCx；界面反应产物层的生长受扩散控制，遵循抛物线生长规律，其生长激活能Q^k及k0分别为290.935 kJ·mol^-1,2.49× 10^-2 m·s^-1/2.     

Ti/Al异种合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面断裂行为分析

采用TIG电弧的方法实现了钛合金与铝合金熔钎焊连接,分析了不同焊丝形成的熔钎焊接头的界面组织和断裂特征.结果表明,纯铝接头界面为单一的TiAl3相,裂纹主要沿着TiAl3反应层与焊缝之间的界面扩展.拉伸时首先从坡口拐角启裂,当裂纹扩展至接头反面时,断裂扩展形式转变为从焊缝金属撕裂,接头抗拉强度为139MPa.添加Al-Cu-La焊丝的接头界面结构为TiAl3+ Ti2Al20La双化合物层,拉伸时沿TiAl3反应层与钛合金界面开裂,以界面内的微裂纹为裂纹源并向反应层内扩展,属于准解理断裂,接头抗拉强度达270 MPa.稀土La元素作用下形成的双化合物层是提高接头强度的关键.     

电场激活Ti/Ni扩散偶连接界面相变规律与力学性能的研究

本试验采用电场激活扩散连接技术(FADB)实现了Ti/Ni的扩散连接。研究了Ti/Ni两种材料发生界面扩散反应时新相的生成规律及其对连接强度的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪观察和分析了扩散层的显微组织、相组成和界面元素分布。采用万能试验机对扩散层的抗剪切性能进行了测试。研究结果表明,在电场作用下,Ti与Ni通过固相扩散形成了良好的冶金结合界面,界面处金属间化合物的生成次序依次为Ni3Ti、Ni Ti2、Ni Ti。当扩散温度≥750℃时,Ti表现出超塑性和良好的扩散性,促使扩散层中的Ni3Ti转变成富钛层,该富钛层的形成有利于接头强度的提高。界面的剪切强度随着电流的增大而增大,当电流为930~1200 A时,界面的剪切强度可达90.54 MPa。     

钛/铝爆炸焊接界面扩散行为分子动力学模拟

为揭示钛/铝爆炸焊接界面原子的扩散行为,采用分子动力学模拟从原子尺度分析了钛/铝爆炸焊接界面原子的微观扩散机理。利用Materials Studio建立了钛/铝爆炸焊接焊点处的分子动力学模型,结合爆炸焊接的物理过程,将爆炸焊接过程分为加载和卸载2个阶段,通过LAMMPS程序计算了爆炸焊接钛、铝原子的均方位移、径向分布函数、扩散层厚度等,利用OVITO软件再现了不同阶段界面原子的扩散行为。在爆炸焊接加载阶段,钛、铝原子不发生扩散,只在平衡位置做振动,铝原子振动要比钛原子振动强。爆炸焊接卸载开始时,钛、铝原子发生互扩散。钛/钛原子键能高,不易破坏,铝/铝原子键能低,容易破坏产生空位、间隙等缺陷,有利于钛原子深入扩散到铝晶格内部,但铝原子难以进入钛的晶格内部。采用扫描电镜和EDS能谱表征了钛/铝爆炸焊接复合材料界面元素分布,与模拟结果有很好的一致性。