Al-4%Cu凝固过程枝晶生长的数值模拟

改进了模拟枝晶生长常用的二维元胞自动机和有限差分(CA-FD)模型,新模型引入扰动函数来控制二、三次枝晶的生长;在枝晶生长过程中,将溶质浓度明确地分为液相溶质浓度和固相溶质浓度两部分;并在溶质再分配与扩散过程中采用八邻位差分以减少网格形状导致溶质扩散的各向异性。模拟了Al-4%Cu二元合金过冷熔体中,单个和多个等轴晶沿不同择优方向生长及单方向和多方向柱状树枝晶竞争生长过程中的枝晶形貌、液相溶质浓度和固相溶质浓度分布情况。模拟结果表明:扰动的引入能够促使枝晶产生分支,并控制二、三次枝晶的生长速率;液/固相溶质计算模型能够准确地模拟出枝晶生长过程中液/固相溶质分布;此外改进后的模型实现了枝晶沿任意方向的竞争生长。     

溶质梯度系数对二元合金枝晶生长的影响

为了准确描述金属凝固过程中的微观特性,用相场法模拟流场下二元合金的枝晶形貌.结合C.W.Lan提出的耦合流场的相场模型,在溶质场中加入溶质梯度项,研究溶质梯度系数对合金非等温凝固过程中枝晶生长及溶质截留效应的影响.结果表明:随着溶质梯度系数的增大,上游尖端半径和尖端速率都逐渐增大,固相中的溶质浓度显著提高,溶质截留效应更加明显.另外,此模型的计算结果与Oseen-Ivantsov理论符合较好.     

非均匀温度场Fe-0.06%C合金焊接接头凝固过程模拟分析

利用元胞自动机和有限差分(CA-FD)法,采用宏-微观两种尺度,将宏观温度场与微观枝晶生长过程耦合在一起,再现了Fe-0.06%C二元合金焊接熔池的凝固过程.同时,探讨了边界散热速率对焊接熔池中枝晶生长形貌及晶粒尺寸的影响;分析了形核基底数与枝晶生长间的关系;并用实验对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明,在熔池凝固过程中,温度梯度沿散热边界向绝热边界方向不断减小,等温线弧度不断增大;熔池散热边界附近的液相中溶质浓度远远高于绝热边附近和模拟区域中心的液相溶质浓度;模拟区域内的温度梯度随着边界散热速率的增大而升高.此外,随着形核基底的增加,柱状晶数量基本不变;而等轴晶数量不断增多,分布范围逐渐扩大,但尺寸有所减小.模拟结果反映了焊接熔池的凝固过程,并与实验结果吻合,为实际焊接工艺的选取提供了一定的参考.     

深过冷Sb-Sn过包晶合金的快速凝固

采用落管无容器处理技术研究了Sb74.7Sn25.3二元过包晶合金的快速凝固,获得的合金粒子直径D介于70～1080μm之间。理论计算表明,随着粒子直径的减小,过冷度和冷却速率均呈指数关系增大,最大过冷度为298K(0.36TL)。研究发现,在自由落体条件下,快速凝固组织由初生Sb固溶体相和包晶SbSn金属间化合物相组成,Sb固溶体相以非小平面和小平面两种生长方式长大。当过冷度增大时,释放的熔化潜热增多,初生相逐渐细化,非小平面初生Sb相由"粗大枝晶"向"碎断枝晶"转变,当D<400μm时,一次枝晶臂显著变短,二次枝晶间距明显减小;同时发生溶质截留现象,初生Sb固溶体相中溶质Sn的固溶度发生了显著拓展,由ΔT=32K时的7.86%(原子分数,下同)线性增大至ΔT=298K时的10.47%。     

Simulation of dendrite growth of Fe–C alloy using phase field method

采用相场法模拟了Fe--0.5%C合金等温凝固过程中单个枝晶和多个枝晶的生长, 研究了过冷度、各向异性、界面厚度、晶体取向以及扰动对枝晶形貌的影响, 获得了具有二次分枝的枝晶形貌, 再现了枝晶生长过程及枝晶臂之间的竞争生长. 模拟结果表明: 凝固过程中存在溶质富集和枝晶偏析, 枝晶主干溶质浓度最低, 枝晶臂之间的液相浓度最高. 随着过冷度的增大, 枝晶生长加快且分枝发达; 界面厚度直接影响枝晶的生长速度; 各向异性影响枝晶的形态; 晶体取向与坐标轴方向一致时枝晶优先生长;扰动的加入导致枝晶分枝的形成.     

用相场方法模拟Fe-C合金枝晶生长

采用相场法模拟了Fe-0.5%C合金等温凝固过程中单个枝晶和多个枝晶的生长,研究了过冷度、各向异性、界面厚度、晶体取向以及扰动对枝晶形貌的影响,获得了具有二次分枝的枝晶形貌,再现了枝晶生长过程及枝晶臂之间的竞争生长.模拟结果表明:凝固过程中存在溶质富集和枝晶偏析,枝晶主干溶质浓度最低,枝晶臂之间的液相浓度最高.随着过冷度的增大,枝晶生长加快且分枝发达;界面厚度直接影响枝晶的生长速度;各向异性影响枝晶的形态;晶体取向与坐标轴方向一致时枝晶优先生长;扰动的加入导致枝晶分枝的形成.     

Pb-Sn合金侧向凝固过程A偏析的数值模拟

基于二元系凝固过程热溶质的传输行为,建立了描述A偏析形成及演化的数学模型,给出了固相分数与温度场及浓度场的耦合关系.先用已有的实验结果验证了模型的正确性,然后模拟计算了Pb-Sn合金侧向凝固过程A偏析的形成及演化过程,并研究了浮力数对A偏析形成位置及偏析程度的影响.结果表明,在糊状区中双扩散对流引起的密度变化,导致局部流动,形成偏析通道;为了维持偏析通道中局部液体的流动,枝晶间的液体通过糊状区从液相区得到补充.在相同的凝固条件下,浮力数越小,A偏析的形成时间愈迟,偏析的程度也越小.     

Al-4％Cu合金定向凝固枝晶／胞晶转变速率的研究

通过实验和理论对比研究Al-4%(质量分数)Cu合金定向凝固胞晶/枝晶转变过程,得到胞晶/枝晶转变发生在尖端半径变化的拐点处。采用KGT模型与非平衡效应研究与胞晶/枝晶转变过程相对应的高速枝晶/胞晶转变特征。结果表明:尖端半径和界面温度均随抽拉速率的增加而减小,到达临界值后又急速增大。枝晶/胞晶转变发生在尖端半径和界面温度的拐点处,即在尖端半径和界面温度最小时发生转变;溶质截留在枝晶/胞晶转变过程中作用明显,大大减小了微观偏析。     

Ti-6Al-4V三元合金焊接熔池凝固组织模拟

将二元合金元胞自动机模型与热力学相平衡求解软件相结合,提出了一种三元合金元胞自动机模型.对模型的稳定性进行了验证,模拟了Ti-6Al-4V三元合金焊接熔池凝固过程中枝晶的生长形貌、溶质浓度的分布以及扰动振幅对枝晶生长的影响,并进行了金相实验验证.结果表明,模型稳定性良好,能够实现三元合金焊接熔池凝固过程的数值模拟;熔池中枝晶择优生长显著,且存在晶界偏析现象;Al元素与V元素在液相中的浓度分布规律大致相同;随着扰动振幅的增大,熔池中的枝晶数量逐渐增加,枝晶臂间距减小,竞争生长进一步加强;模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合.     

凝固速率对IN718合金定向凝固组织和偏析行为的影响

采用LMC高梯度定向凝固和微观分析方法,研究了不同凝固速率下IN718合金的凝固组织和偏析行为。结果表明,随着凝固速率的提高,凝固界面由胞晶转为枝晶;一次胞/枝晶间距在凝固速率为20μm/s时提高到最大值257μm,随后逐渐降低,二次枝晶间距明显细化,溶质分配比也随凝固速率的增加而减小。同时,凝固速率增加使糊状区枝晶骨架的渗透性减小,增大了对液体流动的阻碍作用。     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.