低合金钢断口化学成分的激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱原位统计分布分析表征

通过激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对标准样品表面进行四点定点分析,从而得到校准曲线,再利用得到的校准曲线对断口表面进行扫描分析,根据样品移动台的精确定位得到样品表面的位置信息,用激光器的聚焦位置来模拟样品表面的深度信息,描述了 样品的表面形貌,从而得到样品表面元素原位统计分布分析状况,实现了对非平面表面元素的原位统计分布分析表征.利用本文的方法对一低合金钢冲击试样断口表面的16种元素进行原位统计分布分析,结果表明:断口表面各位置的元素含量统计分布基本符合正态分布,唯Al、Zr、Nb的统计偏析度较大.     

火花源原位统计分布分析技术研究船板钢坯断口样品中碳元素的偏析

以火花源原位统计分布分析方法获得船板钢坯样品表面的元素含量分布信息,运用数据切割的方法将原始火花数据进行切割,然后与实际样品切割进行位置对应,从而实现了通过间接方法得到冲击断口样品侧表面碳元素分布分析数据。采用裁减合并的方法得到碳元素的平均统计偏析度为0.706 8,与实际分析结果取得了很好的一致性。该方法可用于中低合金钢小样品异形面中碳元素的火花原位偏析分布分析。     

铸造黄铜的原位统计分布分析

采用金属原位分析仪实现了对铸造黄铜ZHPb59-1的大面积扫描,利用原位统计分布分析技术分析了合金中添加元素Zn、P、Mn、Al、Si、Fe、Pb、Ti、B的分布状况,以期能为铜合金行业提供一种快速的表面元素分布分析方法。通过原位扫描技术能快速得到各元素的直观分布图、最大偏析度、最大偏析位置和统计偏析度。研究发现,原位分析得到Zn、P、Mn的分布及对组织影响的结果和金相结果有良好的对应;通过二维成分分布图和三维成分分布图可看出Al、Si、Fe的分布较为均匀。由原位统计分布可推测,Pb存在大量的夹杂相,而P弥散在整个合金中;Ti、B作为主要的变质剂,存在明显的偏析。此外,Cu、P夹杂的原位统计结果与扫描电镜和能谱的结果对应良好。     

20MnSi钢连铸方坯的原位统计分布分析

连铸方坯生产过程中由于连铸工艺参数的不合理会出现元素的偏析现象,严重的会导致裂纹或缩孔等缺陷的产生。选取存在明显纵向裂纹的20MnSi钢连铸方坯试样进行原位统计分布分析,实验表明裂纹的存在会导致元素含量的原位统计结果异常,从而影响元素含量统计分布分析。通过OPA-200软件的裁剪功能对异常数据进行处理是一种可行的处理方法。对20MnSi钢连铸方坯整个横截面进行原位统计分布分析, C、Si、Mn、P、S元素含量的二维等高图显示在中心区域以及距横截面边部1/4处元素存在富集的情况,通过统计偏析度定量分析表明,C、P、S元素的偏析情况较为严重,而Si、Mn元素的偏析不太严重。此外,通过在方坯横截面横向中心线位置进行钻孔取样分析C、P、S元素的含量,验证了传统偏析分析方法与原位统计分布分析技术的一致性。     

帘线钢72A连铸坯的原位统计分布分析

为了更好地了解铸坯中元素偏析、疏松和夹杂物分布规律,采用金属原位分析仪对帘线钢72A连铸坯进行了原位成分统计分布分析,并探讨了铸坯中C、Si、Mn、P、S和Al元素分布规律,发现C、Si、Mn和P元素在铸坯中心都存在明显的偏析,且中心区域的偏析程度比边部严重。Mn元素含量的分布规律与C元素相似,在铸坯边部附近,C、Mn元素有明显的负偏析带,在铸坯中心区域元素出现了明显的正偏析带,整体上,Mn元素成分分布比C元素更均匀;比较这几种元素的成分分布,发现Si元素成分分布较均匀,而P元素成分分布较不均匀。帘线钢中Al、S元素基本上都以夹杂物的形式存在,两种元素分布规律极其相似,且中心夹杂物的含量明显比边部多。由于铸坯中心存在明显的缩孔,导致铸坯表观致密度下降,表观致密度为0.869 0。     

不锈钢板中锰、钛、铝、铌夹杂物的原位统计分布分析

采用金属原位统计分布分析技术研究了系列不锈钢板中Mn,Ti,Al,Nb等类夹杂物存在的类型及状态,夹杂物的含量、组成、尺寸及位置分布等。该系列不锈钢样品中,各夹杂元素的分布具有不同的特点:Mn元素的大颗粒夹杂多位于板的中心部位;Ti,Al夹杂在整个横截面内分布则比较均匀;Nb大颗粒夹杂倾向于板的上、下表面附近及中心处。通道合成技术研究表明:Mn夹杂颗粒主要以硫化锰的形式存在;Ti夹杂主要以碳硫化钛的形式存在。给出了各类夹杂物的含量、粒度分布、平均粒径及20μm以上大颗粒夹杂的比例。综合分析和评价了各样品中夹杂物存在的种类及数量。该原位统计分布分析方法应用于不锈钢板中夹杂物的分析结果与传统的方法如金相、扫描电境等具有很好的一致性。     

不同拉速工艺下连铸板坯横截面中心偏析和夹杂物分布分析

采用原位统计分布分析技术对不同拉速工艺下连铸板坯中心横截面的偏析特性和夹杂物分布进行了研究.通过对3.0m/min和4.2m/min拉速条件下C、Si、Mn、P、S及Al系夹杂物在连铸板坯中心横截面的分布规律的对比,发现在低拉速工艺下的样品C、Mn、P等元素在连铸板坯中心横截面的统计均匀性好于高拉速工艺下样品,Si、S等元素则呈现相反的规律;低拉速工艺下的样品中S、P、C等元素易形成"点状"偏析,呈不连续分散分布的特点;高拉速工艺下的样品中S、P、C等元素易形成"带状"偏析,呈连续分布的特点,并位于板厚中心线附近.高拉速工艺下的Al系夹杂物分布不均匀,粒度大,靠近板坯的上下表面;低拉速工艺下的Al系夹杂物分布均匀,粒度小.     

不同拉速工艺下连铸板坯横截面中心偏析和夹杂物的原位统计分布分析

采用原位统计分布分析技术对不同拉速工艺条件下连铸板坯中心横截面的偏析特性和夹杂物分布进行了研究。通过对3.0 m/min和4.2 m/min拉速条件下C,Si,Mn,P,S及Al系夹杂物含量在连铸板坯中心横截面的分布规律对比,发现在低拉速工艺条件下,样品中C,Mn,P等元素在连铸板坯横截面的统计均匀性好于高拉速工艺条件下样品,Si,S等元素则呈现相反的规律,S,P,C等元素易形成“点状”偏析,呈不连续分散分布的特点,Al系夹杂物分布均匀,粒度小;高拉速工艺条件下,样品中S,P,C等元素易形成“带状”偏析,     

帘线钢82A大方坯的原位统计分布分析

采用金属原位分析仪对帘线钢82A大方坯进行了原位成分统计分布分析,并探讨了方坯不同区域中C、Si、Mn、P、S、Al和Ca元素的分布规律,发现C、S、P和Mn在中心存在明显的岛状偏析,中心区域的偏析较边部严重。C、S和Mn元素在方坯边部有明显的负偏析带,而Si的分布较为均匀。帘线钢中的Al基本上都以夹杂物的形式存在,并以Al、Ca的复合夹杂物为主,且中心的夹杂物含量明显比边部多。采用扫描电镜结合能谱分析的方法对不同区域夹杂物的尺寸和成分进行了研究,两种方法所得结果具有较好的一致性。     

管线钢连铸板坯横截面元素的原位统计分布分析

管线钢作为石油、天然气等管道运输的主要材料,其元素分布及组织结构对管线钢强度和韧性有较大影响。实验采用原位统计分布分析技术对管线钢连铸板坯板宽中心到板宽1/4处的中心区域中C、Mn、P、S、V、Ti、Nb元素的偏析和分布状态进行了定量统计分析研究。采用最大偏析度、统计偏析度、统计均匀度等指标对各元素的偏析分布进行了定量表征。研究结果表明,C、Mn、P、S、V、Nb元素的偏析分布形式基本类似,都在板厚中心线附近和板宽1/4处的厚度方向存在由局部富集区域组成的带状偏析带。其中,C、P、S元素的偏析较为严重,统计偏析度达到20%以上。Ti元素没有观察到明显的偏析,在整个分析区域分布比较均匀。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.