气瓶钢中非金属夹杂物研究

针对国内某钢厂EAF-LF-VD-CC工艺生产的气瓶钢,通过全流程系统取样、综合分析的方法,对LF处理前后、VD喂线处理后、中间包钢水和连铸坯中总氧(T[O])、显微夹杂及大型夹杂物的数量及变化情况进行了全面研究,分析了夹杂物产生的原因.结果表明:经过LF和VD精炼后钢液中显微夹杂物数量由16.7个/mm2减少到6.1个/mm2,VD喂线后夹杂物变性不完全,中间包过程钢液的二次氧化严重,铸坯中T[O]能稳定在(10±2)×10-6,铸坯中大型夹杂物为0.2 mg/kg.     

涟钢RH—MFB试生产钢水质量分析

为充分发挥RH—MFB的精炼功能,了解RH—MFB的精炼效果,有必要对上RH的钢水质量进行分析,包括钢中[C]、[N]、T[O]及显微夹杂分析。结果表明：RH—MFB试生产钢水在中间包内增碳较为严重,出RH后钢液有轻微吸氮现象;RH—MFB精炼后,钢液中大于10μm的显微夹杂数量明显减少,T[O]的平均含量较前期生产也有明显下降。对精炼处理及中间包钢液中显微夹杂组成与形貌分析表明,基体为Al2O3的夹杂物是钢液存在的主要夹杂物,形貌特征各异,在工艺后期大多以球状和细小块状存在,此外,发现有少量铝酸盐或硅铝酸盐＋硫化物夹杂。为此,提出有针对性的改进措施,以期进一步提高钢水的质量,达到高效低耗生产的目的。     

120 t BOF-LF-CC炼钢过程60钢洁净度的试验研究

通过LF精炼和连铸过程钢水和炉渣取样,对3炉60钢冶炼各个阶段的T[O]显微夹杂物的数量、尺寸及类型的变化进行了系统研究。结果表明,在LF进站时,3炉60钢中T[O]为0.007 0%左右;从LF进站→钙处理后→软吹结束→中间包浇注→铸坯,3炉60钢中T[O]总体呈现缓慢降低的趋势,其铸坯中T[O]降到0.003%以下。LF进站时,3炉60钢中夹杂物以硅锰脱氧产物SiO₂-Mn0-（Al₂O₃）复合夹杂为主;经钙处理后,其钢中夹杂物转变为CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Mg0系复合夹杂,该复合夹杂物的主要成分为CaO+MgO 20%～40%,SiO₂ 20%～40%,Al₂O₃ 30%-50%。由于中间包浇注过程钢液存在明显二次氧化,导致60钢中间包内钢水T[O]和二次氧化产物SiO₂-MnO-（Al₂O₃）夹杂数量明显增加。     

高级别管线钢夹杂物控制研究

针对管线钢夹杂不合的问题,提出了管线钢夹杂物控制目标为Al₂O₃-CaS系固态夹杂物,并系统研究了钢液成分对此类夹杂物生成的影响与定量关系。研究结果表明,钙处理后Al₂O₃-CaS夹杂物存在两种形成机理,通过调整Ca、S、T[O]成分可实现对不同类型夹杂的精确控制。随着钢中Ca/T[O]质量分数比的增加,夹杂物中Al₂O₃含量显著降低;当Ca/T[O]质量分数比小于0.5时,钢中夹杂物主要以Al₂O₃夹杂为主;当Ca/T[O]质量分数比介于0.5~1.5之间时,夹杂物主要以Al₂O₃-CaS复合夹杂物为主;当Ca/T[O]质量分数比大于1.5时,夹杂物主要以CaO-CaS复合夹杂物为主。工艺优化后,高级别管线钢夹杂物初检不合格率由3.12%降低至1.54%,高级别管线夹杂物评级全部不大于1.5的比例由90%提高至95.4%。     

RH强制脱碳与自然脱碳工艺生产IF钢精炼效果分析

西昌钢钒厂由于转炉热量不足而以转炉—LF精炼—RH精炼—连铸工艺生产IF钢,为探究RH强制脱碳与自然脱碳工艺生产IF钢精炼效果,采用生产数据统计、氧氮分析、夹杂物自动扫描、扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段,对不同脱碳工艺对顶渣氧化性以及钢的洁净度影响进行了详细研究。结果表明:（1）与自然脱碳工艺炉次相比,采用强制脱碳工艺的炉次在转炉结束与RH进站钢中的平均[O]含量更低;（2）两种工艺脱碳结束钢中的[O]含量基本在同一水平;（3）强制脱碳工艺的炉次在RH结束时渣中平均T.Fe的质量分数降低了1.3%。在能满足RH脱碳效果的前提下,尽量提高转炉终点钢液碳含量、降低钢液氧含量,后续在RH精炼时采用强制吹氧脱碳工艺,适当增大吹氧量来弥补钢中氧,可显著降低IF钢顶渣氧化性。自然脱碳工艺与强制脱碳工艺控制热轧板T.O含量均比较理想;与自然脱碳工艺相比,强制脱碳工艺可有效降低IF钢[N]含量,这与强制脱碳工艺真空室内碳氧反应更剧烈所导致的CO气泡更多和气液反应面积更大有关。脱碳工艺对IF钢热轧板中夹杂物类型、尺寸及数量没有明显影响,夹杂物主要由Al₂O₃夹杂、Al₂O₃–TiO_x夹杂与其他类夹杂物组成,以夹杂物的等效圆直径表示夹杂物尺寸,以上三类夹杂物平均尺寸分别为4.5、4.4和6.5 μm,且钢中尺寸在8 μm以下的夹杂物数量占比高于75%。在RH精炼过程中,尽量降低RH脱碳结束钢中[O]含量,有利于提高钢液洁净度。      

LD－LF－CC工艺生产的82B钢铸坯洁净度研究

采用加入示踪剂、对铸坯进行系统取样与实验室综合分析相结合的方法,对LD-LF-CC工艺生产的82B钢铸坯中T[O]、显微夹杂物和大型夹杂物数量和粒径分布以及成分类型进行了系统研究。结果表明：铸坯中T[O]和显微夹杂物数量的平均值分别为28.42×10-6和17.78个/mm2,铸坯中0-4μm和4-10μm的夹杂物分别占显微夹杂物总数的87.21%和12.22%,显微夹杂物的类型主要为复合氧化物类和由复合氧化物和硫化钙构成的复合夹杂物。铸坯中大型夹杂物含量差别很大,大于300μm的夹杂物占大多数,大型夹杂物的形成与钢包耐火材料侵蚀和中间包卷渣有关。     

脱氧剂对高压锅炉管钢非金属夹杂物的影响

使用Si-Ca和Si_Al-Ba两种不同脱氧剂对EAF→LF→VD→MC工艺生产的高压锅炉管钢P12进行脱氧,并对其各工艺环节进行取样,研究各工序钢中总氧和夹杂物数量、尺寸的演变规律以及锻材中夹杂物组成、铝类夹杂物含量和平均粒径.结果表明:VD处理后2种脱氧剂都能将钢中总氧质量分数控制在20×10-6以下;Si-Al-Ba脱氧后各工序的夹杂物数量要少于Si-Ca脱氧;两者在浇铸过程中都发生明显的二次氧化,但Si-Al-Ba脱氧的钢液二次氧化更为严重.     

45号钢冶炼过程中气体含量及其控制研究

对某厂LD转炉—LF精炼—连铸工艺生产的45号钢冶炼过程中氧、氮含量的变化进行了研究。实验结果表明：精炼后钢中夹杂物去除效果较好,T[O]含量降低了40.3％,而[N]含量变化并不明显;钢液转移至中间包过程中存在较严重的钢液二次氧化和中间包内衬氧化物的熔蚀,T[O]和[N]含量分别增加了73．7％和45．9％;浇注过程中同样存在较为严重的二次氧化现象,铸坯中[N]含量增加了21．6％,由于在浇注过程中去除了部分氧化物夹杂,T[O]含量降低了12．8％。由此可见,为了提高45号钢铸坯质量,现有生产工艺需要进一步防止钢液二次氧化。     

转炉—RH—连铸工艺生产高压气瓶用钢洁净度的研究

对转炉— RH精炼—连铸工艺生产高压气瓶用钢 T[O]变化及非金属夹杂物进行研究的结果表明 ,在转炉出钢过程由于炉渣与脱氧产物作用生成的粗大球状夹杂物及铝脱氧生成的大尺寸 Al2 O3簇群状夹杂物绝大多数可由钢液排除 ,铸坯中存在的夹杂物主要是较小的块状和簇群状 Al2 O3及少量由于结晶器保护渣卷入造成的球状夹杂物。 RH精炼后钢液 T[O]在 (2 8～ 34 )× 10 - 6 之间 ,中间包钢水 T[O]在 (2 4～ 2 6 )× 10 - 6之间 ,铸坯 T[O]在 (12～ 19)× 10 - 6 之间 ,该工艺生产的气瓶用钢具有很高的洁净度。     

EAF-LF/VD-CC工艺生产压力容器钢的洁净度研究

为了解天津钢管集团公司EAF-LF/VD-CC工艺生产压力容器钢12Cr1MoVG的洁净度水平,通过系统取样、示踪剂追踪、综合分析等方法,对LF处理前后、中间包钢水和连铸坯中总氧、显微夹杂及大型夹杂物的数量及变化情况进行了全面研究.结果表明,LF/VD精炼后钢液w(T[O])平均为15×10-6,中间包为17×10-6,铸坯为(18～24)×10-6,其中头坯＞尾坯＞连浇坯＞正常坯.铸坯中的显微夹杂物数量是3.53个/mm2,主要为球形钙铝酸盐、硅铝酸盐和铝酸盐与硫化物的复合夹杂,90%以上的夹杂物尺寸小于10μm;铸坯中大型夹杂物有铁铝硅酸盐、钙镁硅酸盐等,来源于钢的二次氧化、钢包卷渣、耐火材料侵蚀、结晶器卷渣等.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.