十二烷基多季铵盐Gemini型阳离子表面活性剂的合成

控制反应物乙二胺与环氧氯丙烷的配比,得到乙二胺与环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比分别为1∶5、1∶4、1∶1的产物。然后与自制十二烷基二甲胺进一步反应制备十二烷基多季铵盐Gemini型阳离子表面活性剂,反应条件是:反应温度60℃;反应时间1h;反应溶剂、水和乙醇的混合溶剂。通过测定不同浓度下溶液的表面张力,得到其产物Ⅰ、Ⅱ的临界胶束浓度为0.05%(质量百分比)左右。说明产品具有很低的临界胶束浓度和较好的表面活性。进一步的实验证明:合成产物具有较好的发泡力、稳泡力和金属腐蚀的抑制性能,并考察了其与阴离子表面活性剂的复配性能。     

N-月桂酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠的合成及性能研究

以月桂酸和乙二胺为原料,合成了中间体N-月桂酰基乙二胺(LED),进一步与氯乙酸钠反应,得到目标产物N-月桂酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠(LEDC)。通过IR和1HNMR对产物进行结构表征。测定了LEDC在水溶液中的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度(CMC)约为2.0mmol.L-1,临界胶束浓度时的表面张力(γCMC)为25mN.m-1;随着温度变化,其CMC及γCMC变化不大。LEDC的泡沫性能介于LAS和OP-10之间,乳化能力强于两者,在硬水中的稳定性优于LAS。     

双酯基季铵盐表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以尼龙酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料合成二元酸酯中间体,再与十二烷基二甲基胺进一步反应合成双酯基阳离子表面活性剂。研究了反应时间、温度及催化剂用量对产物收率的影响,得到了最佳反应条件。终产物结构通过红外光谱分析得到证实,并对其表面性能进行了测试,临界胶束浓度0．34mmol／L,表面张力29．9mN／m。     

四聚季铵盐表面活性剂的合成及性能评价

采用乙二胺,环氧氯丙烷,N,N—二甲基十二烷基叔胺,N,N—二甲基十四烷基叔胺,N,N—二甲基十六烷基叔胺等试剂作为原料,合成了四聚季铵盐型表面活性剂。研究了三种合成产物的表面活性和其在石英片上的润湿性。实验结果表明三种合成的表面活性剂都有具有较低的临界胶束浓度(CMC值),且使用十四烷基叔胺作为合成原料的产物,具有最好性能。     

两性/阴离子表面活性剂复配体系性能研究

采用环氧氯丙烷与磷酸二氢钠反应制备中间体,再与十二叔胺反应,制备甜菜碱型磷酸酯两性表面活性剂,并与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)进行复配。测定复配前后产品的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、泡沫稳定性和乳化能力等性能。结果表明,在最佳合成工艺条件下,甜菜碱型磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的表面张力为30 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为7.98 g/L。对于复配体系,当甜菜碱型磷酸酯表面活性剂与SDBS以质量比6∶4进行复配时增效作用最好,其表面张力为23 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为4.84 g/L,对松节油的乳化性能较好。     

Gemini型乙二酰胺琥珀酸己酯磺酸钠的合成研究

以顺丁烯二酸酐、乙二铵、己醇、亚硫酸钠为原料,通过酰胺化反应、酯化反应、磺化反应合成标题化合物.采用单因素优选法优化合成工艺条件.结果如下:1)酰胺化反应:以丙酮为溶剂,顺酐与乙二胺的物质的量比为2.2∶1,回流反应80 min,酰胺化产物产率约96%;2)酯化反应:己醇与乙二胺的物质的量比为2.2∶1,反应温度为130 ℃,反应时间为150 min,酯化率约90%;3)磺化反应:亚硫酸钠与乙二胺物质的量比为:2.2∶1,反应温度为100 ℃,反应时间为3 h,磺化率约90%.IR测定显示终产物为目标产物.表面张力测定结果表明,该产品具有较低的临界胶束浓度与表面张力.     

棕榈酰基蛋氨酸表面活性剂的合成与性能

以天然产物棕榈酸和蛋氨酸为原料，通过酰氯化反应和酰胺化反应两步法合成棕榈酰基蛋氨酸表面活性剂（PMS），探究反应温度、反应时间、反应物摩尔比、反应介质体积比等因素对酰胺化反应的影响；通过傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）和质谱对产物的结构进行表征；研究产物的表面性能和复配体系的性能。实验结果表明：酰胺化反应最佳反应温度为30℃、n(棕榈酰氯)∶n(蛋氨酸)=1∶1.2、V(水)∶V(丙酮)=1∶2、反应时间为2.5h，在此条件下，得到产物产率89.0%；表征的结果为目标产物；合成产物临界胶束浓度为 1.2×10^-4mol/L，表面张力为29.59mN/m；对苯等有机溶剂的乳化作用明显优于月桂酰基谷氨酸（LAS）；PMS与椰油丙基甜菜碱（CPBS）摩尔比为4∶6时复配体系表面活性最佳，临界胶束浓度达到9.5×10^-5mol/L，复配体系表面张力为28.1mN/m。     

妥尔油酸咪唑啉磺酸盐的合成及性能研究

分别用妥尔油脂肪酸FA1和FA2与羟乙基乙二胺、3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠反应,合成了妥尔油酸咪唑啉磺酸盐TOS-1和TOS-2,测试了物化性能。研究表明,TOS-1的表面张力γ_(cmc)为29.65 mN/m,临界胶束浓度cmc为8.75 mg/L,TOS-2的表面张力γ_(cmc)为29.64 mN/m,临界胶束浓度cmc为23.77 mg/L,TOS-1的临界胶束浓度小于TOS-2,润湿性、乳化性能均优于TOS-2,泡沫低于TOS-2,是一类稳泡性较好的表面活性剂。     

二聚表面活性剂的合成与表征

概述了十二烷基二甲基叔胺及其盐酸盐和环氧氯丙烷在温和的条件下合成新型双烷基双季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂的方法,并比较不同的反应物比例、溶剂和反应温度对反应速率和生成产物的影响,同时还检测了产物的表面张力、临界胶团浓度(cmc)等性质. 实验结果表明,所合成的双季铵盐具有良好的水溶性;与常用的表面活性剂相比,其临界胶团浓度(cmc)要低1～2个数量级,并具有更强的发泡和稳泡性能.     

双(3-烷氧基-2-羟基)丙基双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与表征

以长链烷基醇、四甲基乙二胺和环氧氯丙烷为原料,经一步反应合成了双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂(BQAS)。研究了反应时间、反应温度对BQAS产率的影响,确定了合成目标产物的最佳反应时间为24～32h、反应温度为70～80℃,其产率达70.2%～83.3%。目标产物结构通过IR和1HNMR确证。利用吊环法测定目标产物的水溶液在20℃的表面活性,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为7.6×10-6～9.5×10-4mol.L-1,表面张力(γCMC)为34.2～40.6mN.m-1。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.