MCM-41分子筛负载磷钨酸催化合成苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛

以MCM-41负载磷钨酸作催化剂,对以苯乙醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究。文章较系统地研究了MCM-41负载磷钨酸催化剂、醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用最、反应时间诸因素对产率的影响。实验结果表明：最佳反应条件为：n（苯乙醛）：n（乙二醇）=1：1．2：0．0041,反应时间60min,带水剂环己烷11mL。上述条件下,苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛的产率可达86.5％。     

甲基磺酸锰催化合成丁醛缩乙二醇

以碳酸锰为原料制备甲基磺酸锰,并用甲基磺酸锰为催化剂,以丁醛和乙二醇为原料合成了丁醛缩乙二醇。该反应的较佳反应条件是：n（丁醛）：n（乙本醇）为1：2,甲基磺酸锰用量为1．25g,环己烷（带水剂）12mL（丁醛用量为0．1mol时）,回流1．5h,丁醛缩乙二醇的收率达82．7％。     

SBA-15负载SnCl4非均相催化合成环己酮缩乙二醇

以SBA-15负载SnCl4为非均相催化剂、环己酮和乙二醇为原料合成环己酮缩乙二醇，考察了诸多反应影响因素．结果表明SBA-15负载SnCl4有较好的催化性能。以环己酮用量0．1mol为基准，其最佳的反应条件为：n（乙二醇）：n（环己酮）=1．6，催化剂用量0．6g，带水剂环己烷4．5mL，在回流温度下反应70min．环己酮缩乙二醇的收率可达92．6％．且催化剂重复使用五次后仍保持较高活性。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成苯甲醛缩乙二醇

以强酸性阳离子交换树脂(D001)为催化剂,用苯甲醛和乙二醇合成苯甲醛缩乙二醇,该反应的最佳反应条件是:n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)为1∶1.8,D001用量为1.5g,环己烷10 mL(苯甲醛为0.1mol时),反应温度为95℃左右,回流2h,苯甲醛缩乙二醇的产率达90.5%。     

甲基磺酸铝催化合成苯乙醛缩乙二醇

以结晶三氯化铝为原料制备了甲基磺酸铝,并以甲基磺酸铝为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂,用苯乙醛和乙二醇为原料合成了苯乙醛缩乙二醇,考察了影响产品收率的因素,优化了合成条件。该反应的较佳反应条件是:n(苯乙醛)∶n(乙二醇)为1∶2.0,甲基磺酸铝用量为2.0 g,环己烷10 mL(苯乙醛用量为0.1 mol时),回流2.0 h,苯乙醛缩乙二醇的收率达80.6%。实验结果表明,甲基磺酸铝对缩醛的合成反应具有较高的催化活性。     

硫酸高铈催化合成苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛

以硫酸高铈为催化剂，通过苯乙醛和乙二醇反应合成了新型香料苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛，研究了各有关因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明，硫酸高铈是合成苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂，在醛醇物质的摩尔比为1：1．5，催化剂用量为0．2g／0．1mol苯乙醛，反应时间60min的条件下，苯乙醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达96．3％。     

几种甲基磺酸盐催化合成缩醛(酮)的研究

以甲基磺酸盐为催化剂合成了苯甲醛缩乙二醇和环己酮缩乙二醇。考察了影响收率的因素,优化合成条件为n醛（酮）：n二醇：n催化剂：V带水剂为0．2mol：O．3mol：3．2mmol：15mL,反应在回流温度下进行2．5h。当以甲基磺酸锌为催化剂时,苯甲醛缩乙二醇的收率可达87．7％。甲基磺酸锌等甲基磺酸盐对缩醛（酮）的合成反应具有较高的催化活性。     

硅胶负载硫酸铈催化合成苯乙醛缩乙二醇

以苯乙醛和乙二醇为原料,以硅胶负载硫酸铈(Ce2(SO4)3/S iO2)为催化剂,合成了苯乙醛缩乙二醇,考察了醛醇摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量及其稳定性等因素对收率的影响。实验结果表明,较优反应条件为:苯乙醛0.1 mol,n(苯乙醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1.0∶1.5,催化剂用量0.2 g,带水剂环己烷12 mL,回流反应2.0 h,苯乙醛缩乙二醇的产率可达96.0%以上。     

微波辐射硅钨酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

丁醛和乙二醇以硅钨酸为催化剂，经微波辐射催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛。实验结果表明，当微波功率为260W、辐射时间2min、n（丁醛）：n（乙二醇）=1：1．5、催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0．20％时，丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率为80．6％。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成环己酮缩乙二醇

报道了以固载杂多酸盐TiSiWl2040／Ti02为多相催化剂，通过环己酮和乙二醇反应合成了环己酮缩乙二醇，探讨TiSiWl2040／Ti02对缩酮反应的催化活性，较系统地研究了酮醇物质的量比，催化剂用量，反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：TiSiWl2040／Ti02是合成环己酮缩乙二醇的良好催化剂，在n酮：n醇＝1：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0．6％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间40min的优化条件下，环己酮缩乙二醇的收率可达93．8％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.