Bearing Abilities and Progressive Damage Analysis of Three Dimensional Four-Directional Braided Composites with Cut-Edge

Cut-edge is a kind of damage for the three-dimensional four-directional (3D4d) braided composites which is inevitable because of machining to meet requisite shape and working in the abominable environment. The longitudinal tensile experiment of the 3D4d braided composites with different braiding angles between cut-edge and the ones without cut-edge was conducted. Then representative volume cell (RVC) with interface zones was established to analyze the tensile properties through the fracture and damage mechanics. The periodic boundary conditions under the cut-edge and uncut-edge conditions were imposed to simulate the failure mechanism. Stress-strain distribution and the damage evolution nephogram in cut-edge condition were conducted. Numerical results were coincident with the experimental results. Finally the variation of cut-edge effect with the specimen thickness was simulated by superimposing inner cells. The consequence showed that thickness increase can effectively reduce cut-edge influence on longitudinal strength for 3D4d braided composites. Cut-edge simulation of braided composites has guiding significance on the actual engineering application.     

Numerical Identification of Meso Length-Effect and Full-Field Edge-Effect of 3D Braided Composites

A study is conducted with the aim of developing two numerical models, meso-scale model and fiber embedded matrix model, for evaluating the length-effect and full-field edge-effect of 3D braided composites. Also, for the validation of fiber embedded matrix model, a series of digital image correlation measurements are conducted along the axial directions. The results show that the predicted mechanical behaviors of the tensile and compressive samples are essentially sensitive to the RVC number. Moreover, the proposed fiber embedded matrix method is capable of accurately predicting the cut-edge effect on the full-field mechanical behaviors of 3D braided composites when subjected to the axial tensile and compressive loading, validated by the comparison of the full-field displacement and strain fields.     

三维六向编织复合材料力学性能的实验研究

通过拉伸 ( 含开孔拉伸 ) 、压缩 ( 含开孔压缩 ) 、面内剪切及冲击后压缩实验,获得了三维六向编织复合材料的主要力学性能参数。基于宏观实验,探讨了材料在拉伸、压缩及剪切载荷作用下的破坏模式和失效机理,分析了开孔类型 ( 机械孔、编织孔 ) 对材料拉、压性能的影响并研究了冲击对材料压缩性能的影响。所获结果为进一步研究三维六向编织复合材料的刚度、强度预报奠定了基础。     

基于面-内胞模型的三维四向编织复合材料渐进损伤数值模拟

为了准确预测三维四向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸力学性能,对编织复合材料的面胞和内胞细观实体模型进行参数化建模,面胞模型考虑了纱线空间轨迹的偏移和横截面的挤压变形。用体素网格离散模型并施加合适的边界条件,将各组分材料的损伤模型编入到有限元分析软件ABAQUS用户定义材料子程序UMAT中。分别对内编织角为30°和45°的三维四向碳纤维/环氧树脂编织复合材料的面-内胞模型进行数值分析,经体积加权平均获得不同厚度编织复合材料试件的纵向拉伸模量和强度,通过统计具有相同破坏模式的积分点数量研究复合材料的渐进损伤过程。结果表明:基于面-内胞模型预测三维四向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸力学性能与试验值吻合良好,损伤分析结果合理地反映了面胞和内胞的渐进损伤过程。      

Numerical Study on the Tensile Behavior of 3D Four Directional Cylindrical Braided Composite Shafts

The tensile behavior of 3D four directional cylindrical braided composite shafts was analyzed with the numerical method. The unit cell models for the 3D four directional cylindrical braided composite shafts with various braiding angles were constructed with ABAQUS. Hashin’s failure criterion was used to analyze the tensile strength and the damage evolution of the unit cells. The influence of the braiding angle on the tensile behavior of the 3D four directional cylindrical braided composite shafts was analyzed. The numerical results showed that the tensile strength along the braiding direction increased as the braiding angle decreased. These results should play an integral role in the design of braiding composites shafts.     

含界面相三维全五向编织复合材料拉伸行为模拟及失效机制研究

基于三维全五向（Q5D）编织复合材料的细观结构模型,通过引入界面相单元,建立了含界面相Q5D编织复合材料单轴拉伸损伤失效分析模型。应用Python语言实现对ABAQUS的二次开发,将Linde等提出的失效准则和Von-Mises应力准则分别用于纱线和基体的渐进损伤判断,并确定材料的整体失效模式;对于界面相,采用Quads准则进行损伤判断。利用周期性位移边界条件,对含界面相Q5D编织复合材料的纵向拉伸应力-应变行为进行了渐进损伤数值模拟,详细讨论了在纵向拉伸载荷作用下材料的细观损伤起始、扩展和最终失效的演化过程,分析了材料的细观损伤失效机制,预测了材料的极限破坏强度,并研究了界面相性能对材料整体力学行为的影响规律。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验值吻合较好,验证了渐进损伤模型的有效性,为该类材料的力学分析和优化设计奠定了基础。     

缝合连接三维编织复合材料拉伸性能试验研究

研究了多种缝合方向、 搭接长度和缝合密度对缝合连接三维编织复合材料拉伸性能的影响 , 并与三维整体编织复合材料的拉伸性能进行对比。结果表明: 缝合连接三维编织复合材料与三维整体编织复合材料相比 ,拉伸强度下降了 25 %～50 % , 初始模量下降了 35 %～55 %; 搭接长度对拉伸强度和模量的影响较大 , 拉伸性能随搭接长度的增加呈现先增大后减小的特征 , 当搭接长度与试件宽度的比值在 2. 5 左右时 , 试件的拉伸性能较好 ,与未缝合的三维整体编织试件相比 , 仅下降了 25 %; 相对而言 , 中密度缝合试件的拉伸性能最优 ; 缝合方向对试件拉伸性能的影响不明显。      

编织复合材料拉伸力学性能的研究

针对三维四向和五向编织复合材料进行了拉伸实验, 从宏观角度研究了它们的力学行 为, 获得了这些材料的主要力学性能参数及变形、破坏规律。基于宏观实验, 本文还对拉伸试件断 口进行了扫描电镜测试, 从细观角度对编织复合材料的破坏机制作了分析, 得到一些重要结论。 这些结果为进一步研究编织复合材料的强度失效问题奠定了实验基础。      

三维六向编织复合材料渐进损伤模拟及强度预测

基于三维六向编织复合材料的细观结构,假设第六向纱线的截面形状为菱形,建立了三维六向编织复合材料的渐进损伤有限元模型。采用Linde等提出的失效准则,引入周期性位移边界条件,对三维六向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸应力-应变行为进行了渐进损伤数值模拟,讨论了单胞模型在纵向拉伸载荷作用下的细观损伤起始、扩展和最终失效的演化过程,并预测了材料的拉伸强度。在此基础上,进一步研究了编织角、纤维体积分数和编织纱水平取向角等参数对材料纵向拉伸力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,三维六向编织复合材料的轴向纱线拉伸断裂是导致其破坏的最主要因素。所得数值结果与现有试验值吻合较好,验证了该模型的有效性,为更深入研究此类材料的力学性能奠定了基础。     

三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在热环境中的拉压力学性能实验

针对不同编织角度的三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,进行了热环境下的轴向拉伸和压缩力学性能实验研究,讨论了温度对三维四向编织复合材料的轴向拉伸和压缩力学性能的影响,并根据宏观断裂形貌和SEM图像分析了材料的破坏和断裂机制。结果表明,随着测试温度的升高,三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的纵向拉伸强度有小幅提高,而纵向压缩强度显著降低。在室温条件下,编织角对材料的纵向拉伸破坏特征没有影响,而对材料的纵向压缩破坏特征有较大影响。随着测试温度的升高,不同编织角度复合材料的纵向拉伸和压缩的损伤破坏形态均与室温条件下明显不同。      

Damage characterization of 3D braided composites using carbon nanotube-based in situ sensing

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as an in situ sensor to detect the initiation of micro-cracks and their accumulation in fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The breakage of the electrically conductive networks formed by CNTs throughout the polymer matrix when dispersed in composites enables the micro-cracks to be sensed. This methodology was applied to three-dimensional (3D) braided composites with the aim of investigating the feasibility of detecting their matrix failure and analyzing their damage behavior. Tensile specimens were prepared using 3D braided ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) preforms and vinyl ester containing multi-walled CNTs (0.5 wt%) via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The electrical resistance of the composites was then measured during tensile testing, while their internal structures were analyzed using X-ray computer tomography (CT), demonstrating that the CNTs dispersed in the matrix enable micro-cracks to be sensed and the damage modes of the 3D braided composites to be analyzed. Finally, four critical strain levels that can classify the damage modes were identified from the change of the electrical resistance of the 3D braided composites.     

三维编织C/SiC复合材料的拉压实验研究

针对三维编织C/SiC复合材料进行了拉伸试验和压缩试验,得到了材料拉伸、压缩的主要力学性能参数、损伤发展情况及破坏规律。从宏观角度比较了在两种载荷下材料弹性性能及强度的区别,得到了一些试验研究结论。结果表明:三维编织C/SiC在拉伸和压缩载荷下的应力-应变曲线有明显的非线性特性;拉伸模量低于压缩模量;拉伸强度高于压缩强度;声发射数据可以用来检测材料内部损伤的发展。      

三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸和弯曲损伤机制

为了研究三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料损伤机制,开展了室温条件下的单调拉伸和三点弯曲试验。实验前,利用CT扫描手段,明确了三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料试样的编织组织形态。对拉伸和三点弯曲试样的微观分析表明:原生孔洞和微裂纹导致了材料在单调拉伸过程中形成局部应力集中,随着拉伸载荷的增大,基体的横向开裂和纤维束间纵向层间裂纹逐渐演化形成纤维内部裂纹,导致材料最终的脆性断裂失效;在三点弯载荷作用下,表现为剪切、拉压共生的多耦合破坏模式,拉应力一侧首先发生失效,随后在中性面处发生剪切破坏,紧接着失效迅速向上下两侧扩展,直至截面在整个厚度方向发生失效;断口与纤维束的走向相关性很大,裂纹基本上沿着纤维束之间的界面进行扩展,导致最终失效未发生在理论失效位置处。      

三维四向编织复合材料宏观有限元模型冲击损伤仿真及试验验证

三维编织复合材料作为整体编织材料,能够克服层合复合材料层间强度低、易分层的缺陷,相对于金属材料,还具有质量轻、高比刚、高比强度以及良好的抗冲击性能、较高的损伤容限,在汽车、高铁、航海、航空及航天领域中具有广泛应用前景。使用空气炮发射系统开展了钢珠以约210 m/s速度冲击三维四向编织复合材料平板的不同位置试验,基于宏观观察和细观观测,分析了三维编织复合材料在受到钢珠高速冲击下的破坏模式和破坏机制。此外,本文建立了三维四向编织复合材料宏观连续介质损伤（CDM）有限元模型,其中模型计算剩余速度和试验测得剩余速度误差在5%以内,试验和数值模拟的破坏形貌也高度一致,验证了所建立的宏观CDM有限元模型的有效性。     

多层多向层联三维机织复合材料的拉伸性能

设计制备了3种不同结构的多层多向层联三维机织复合材料(M3DAWC),利用非接触式全场应变测量系统和SEM对其拉伸性能进行了研究。研究表明,织物结构对M3DAWC的宏观力学行为有重要的影响,沿0°方向拉伸,破坏模式随着斜向纱体积分数的增加,从齐口破坏演变为斜向纱的抽拔失效,沿90°方向拉伸,破坏模式基本一致,表现为斜向纱的抽拔和滑脱。同时,斜向纱体积分数对M3DAWC的拉伸强度和拉伸模量也有显著影响,沿0°方向拉伸,随着斜向纱体积分数的增加,拉伸强度和拉伸模量逐渐减小,沿90°方向拉伸则表现出相反的变化规律。      

树脂基三维编织复合材料粘弹性能的数值预报

建立了基于三细胞模型数值预报三维编织复合材料粘弹性能的方法。首先构造了三维编织复合材料的三细胞模型并施加周期性边界条件,随后利用标准线性固体模型模拟树脂基体的粘弹性能,导出基体的松弛模量,再通过有限元计算及Prony级数拟合,得到三种胞元的粘弹性参数。然后根据三种胞元的体积分数和粘弹性参数,利用三个标准线性固体模型并联,模拟得到三维编织复合材料沿编织方向的粘弹性参数和蠕变本构关系。最后,分析了编织角和纤维体积含量对粘弹性能的影响。     

预制体结构及界面对三维SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的影响

为研究预制体结构及界面对三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的影响,采用先驱体浸渍裂解法（PIP）分别制备了三维四向和三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料,并引入热解炭/碳化硅（PyC/SiC）复合界面层,进行拉伸性能测试和断口形貌观察。结果表明,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能优于三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度、模量和断裂应变分别是三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料的1.22倍、1.25倍、1.43倍,且比三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料具有更好的强度可靠性。这是由于三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料增加了受力方向的纤维含量,限制了纤维在外力作用下的转动和变形,起到定型和稳固作用。添加PyC/SiC复合界面层,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度、模量及断裂应变分别提高了21.7%、15.0%和11.0%。界面的存在可以保护纤维,调节纤维与基体之间的热应力,受力时诱使裂纹偏转和分叉,消耗能量,提高三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能。      

Micro-CT Characterization on the Meso-Structure of Three-Dimensional Full Five-Directional Braided Composite

The meso-structure is important in predicting mechanical properties of the three-dimensional (3D) braided composite. In this paper, the internal structure and porosity of three-dimensional full five-directional (3DF5D) braided composite is characterized at mesoscopic scale (the scale of the yarns) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) non-destructively. Glass fiber yarns as tracer are added into the sample made of carbon fiber to enhance the contrast in the sectional images. The model of tracer yarns is established with 3D reconstruction method to analyze the cross-section and path of yarns. The porosities are reconstructed and characterized in the end. The results demonstrate that the cross sections of braiding yarns and axial yarns change with the regions and the heights in one pitch of 3DF5D braided composites. The path of braiding yarns are various in the different regions while the axial yarns are always straight. Helical indentations appear on the surfaces of the axial yarns because of the squeeze from braiding yarns. Moreover, the porosities in different shapes and sizes are almost located in the matrix and between the yarns.     

Damage characterization of two-dimensional woven and three-dimensional braided SiC-SiC composites

A comprehensive investigation of the room temperature behaviour of two-dimensional woven and three-dimensional braided SiC-SiC composites fabricated by the chemical vapour infiltration route has been conducted. A morphological study of the residual porosity in the composites revealed the existence of primarily two populations of pores: small intrayarn pores and larger interyarn pores. The sizes and the shapes of the two types of pores depended largely on the fibre architecture; the two step braided composite in which the majority of the fibre yarns were orientated along the axial direction exhibited the smallest pore size. The pore size and shapes in turn influenced the onset of damage in the composites under tensile loading. Damage was found to be initially matrix dominated, thus being essentially independent of the fibre architecture. At higher stress levels, however, fibre dominated damage prevailed. Unlike the tensile behaviour, where damage led to non-linearity in the stress-strain curve, the compressive behaviour of the composites was linear elastic almost up to failure. The off-axis tensile properties as well as compression after tension behaviour of the two-dimensional woven composites were also investigated. The information obtained from these tests provides the basis for the modelling of damage in these materials.     

三维管状编织复合材料及其构件可变微单元几何分析模型

针对工程实际中的管状和空间三维编织复合材料构件中力学性能存在梯度的情况,提出一种性能可以变化的六面体微单元几何模型来描述三维编织复合材料及其构件的几何特性。这种微单元的结构根据三维编织立体几何结构的不同而不同。找出微单元几何形状的变化规律和编织纱线在单元中的位置及体积百分数的变化趋势,为确定这些因素与微单元局部力学性能的关系提供了一种切实可行的分析模型。以轴线为直线的管状三维编织复合材料为例,建立了可变微单元几何模型,详细分析了各个参数之间的变化关系。这里等轴向编织花节矩形断面复合材料分析成为可变微单元分析方法的一种特殊情况,同时这种模型还可用于描述空间复杂形状多维编织复合材料的几何特性描述,有助于这类材料及构件的力学分析。