浸泡和微波处理对三种高粱熟化的影响

为研究浸泡和微波处理对三种高粱熟化工艺参数的影响,采用单因素实验的方法,探讨浸泡时间和浸泡温度对高粱吸水率,以及微波时间和微波功率对高粱蒸煮熟化程度和熟化时间等工艺参数的影响。结果表明,随着浸泡时间的增加,三种高粱的吸水率均呈现先上升后平稳的趋势,龙米粮1号、龙杂13号和红糯高粱的最佳浸泡时间分别为2、2和3 h;随着浸泡温度的增加,三种高粱的吸水率呈上升的趋势,最佳浸泡温度分别为45、35和35 ℃。在最佳浸泡时间和浸泡温度条件下,当微波功率600 W和微波处理8 min时,龙米粮1号高粱熟化程度达到100%,蒸煮熟化时间缩短20 min;微波功率800 W和微波处理时间11 min时,龙杂13号高粱熟化程度达到100%,蒸煮熟化时间缩短20 min;微波功率800 W和微波处理时间11 min时,红糯高粱熟化程度达到100%,其蒸煮熟化时间缩短15 min。研究确定了三种高粱最佳浸泡和微波处理工艺参数,为高粱熟化工艺提供了技术参数。     

红豆预熟化工艺研究

采用常压蒸煮、高温高压蒸煮和微波对红豆进行预熟化工艺研究,分析3种预熟化工艺对红豆营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:常压蒸煮工艺条件为:40 ℃恒温浸泡0.5 h,物料厚度0.5 cm,蒸煮时间20 min;高温高压蒸煮工艺条件为:40 ℃恒温浸泡1.5 h,蒸煮温度115 ℃,蒸煮时间3 min;微波预熟化工艺条件为:40 ℃恒温浸泡0.5 h,微波功率119 W,物料厚度1.0 cm,时间6 min;与原料红豆相比,预熟化红豆中蛋白质升高,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮红豆的脂肪含量升高,而微波熟化红豆的脂肪含量降低;沸水中煮15 min,焖5 min后,预熟化后红豆的硬度降低,能与小米共煮同熟;3种预熟化工艺均不同程度改变红豆的色泽。     

薏米预熟化工艺研究

针对粮食的熟化时间不同,采用常压蒸煮、高温高压蒸煮和微波熟化技术分别对薏米进行预熟化研究,并对比分析3种预熟化工艺对薏米营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:常压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡2.5 h,物料厚度0.7 cm,蒸煮时间15 min;高温高压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1 h,蒸煮温度115℃,蒸煮时间3 min;微波预熟化工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1.5 h,微波功率539 W,物料厚度2.8 cm,时间5 min。与原料薏米相比,3种预熟化方式制得预熟化薏米中脂肪含量均明显升高,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮的蛋白质含量升高,而微波预熟化蛋白质含量与原料接近;沸水中煮15 min,焖5 min后,预熟化后薏米的弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均明显升高,能与小米共煮同熟;3种预熟化工艺均不同程度改变薏米的色泽。     

车前草多糖微波提取工艺研究

为探讨车前草多糖提取率的影响因素,本实验利用微波辅助提取法,以车前草多糖提取率为指标,通过对料液比、微波功率、微波处理时间、浸提温度进行单因素实验,并在此基础上进行正交实验。结果表明,影响车前草多糖提取率的因素顺序为:微波处理时间>料液比>浸提温度>微波功率。车前草多糖的最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶25(g/mL)、微波功率为450W、微波处理时间4min、浸取温度为70℃。在此条件下,车前草多糖的提取率为9.41%±0.23%。该法提取的车前草多糖提取率高,且节省时间。     

干燥方式对预熟化薏米品质影响

对预熟化薏米的鼓风干燥、微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥工艺进行优化,研究干燥方式对薏米营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:鼓风干燥最佳工艺条件为温度85℃、干燥时间140 min、物料厚度0.5 cm;微波干燥最佳工艺条件为微波功率539 W、干燥时间5 min、物料厚度3.0 cm;真空冷冻干燥最佳工艺条件为温度-49℃、干燥时间5 h、物料厚度2.5 cm。与原料薏米相比,鼓风干燥和微波干燥制备的预熟化薏米的脂肪和蛋白质含量略有升高,而真空冷冻干燥样品的蛋白质含量有所降低,脂肪含量有所升高。沸水中加热15 min,焖煮5 min后,鼓风干燥和真空冷冻干燥预熟化薏米的硬度明显降低,能与小米共煮同熟;真空冷冻干燥可更好地保持薏米的色泽。     

薏仁与大米共煮同熟工艺的研究

采用恒温浸泡和微波膨化技术对薏仁进行预熟化处理,使其与大米实现共煮同熟。通过单因素试验和响应面法对薏仁与大米共煮同熟工艺进行优化,以糊化度和感官评分作为响应值,考察浸泡温度、浸泡时间、微波功率、微波时间对薏仁的影响。结果得到最佳工艺条件:浸泡温度46.4℃、浸泡时间3.9 h、微波功率600 W、微波时间85 s。在此条件下,薏仁的糊化度和感官评分分别为49.34%和90分,外观形态完整,水分含量为9.68%,该薏仁与大米共煮后能实现同熟。     

红豆预熟化工艺及理化性质的研究

针对红豆种皮厚、难以煮熟等特点，通过“微波预处理–浸泡–蒸煮”的预熟化技术开发出一款能与大米同煮同熟的红豆产品。在利用响应面法优化预熟化工艺的基础上，对不同糊化度预熟化红豆的外观、色泽、糊化特性、质构和复煮特性进行测试。结果表明：微波时间、微波功率、浸泡时间、蒸煮时间的增加均会显著提升红豆的糊化度。与原料红豆相比，预熟化红豆的色泽变暗、体积膨大数倍、硬度降低、糊化粘度降低、复水性增加7.5～8.8倍，且模拟白米蒸煮条件复煮后无白芯。但随着糊化度的增加，红豆颗粒吸水膨胀、表皮破裂严重、感官分数下降、复水性先增加后降低。综上，优化预熟化最佳工艺为：微波功率640 W，微波时间30 s，浸泡时间6.5 h，蒸煮时间20 min，所得预熟化红豆的糊化度约为57.52%。     

莜麦馒头微波蒸制工艺的研究

采用响应面法研究微波功率、微波时间和微波装载量对莜麦馒头品质的影响,确定莜麦馒头微波蒸制的最佳工艺条件,并比较了微波蒸制和常规蒸汽蒸制2个烹制方式对莜麦馒头的影响。结果表明,微波蒸制莜麦馒头的最佳工艺为:微波功率560 W,微波时间12.5 min,装载量74 g。按该工艺条件制作的莜麦馒头与蒸汽蒸制莜麦馒头的感官评分没有显著性差异,与蒸汽蒸制莜麦馒头相比,微波莜麦馒头水分含量较低,硬度和黏着性大,弹性差,而回复性和咀嚼性优于蒸汽蒸制莜麦馒头。     

响应面法优化莜麦蛋白微波辅助碱法提取工艺

为提高莜麦蛋白的提取率,采用微波辅助碱法提取莜麦蛋白。在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法优化莜麦蛋白微波辅助碱法提取工艺条件。结果表明:微波辅助碱法提取莜麦蛋白的最佳工艺参数为:微波功率380 W、pH 9.45、料液比1︰23(g/mL)、提取时间7.75 min。该条件下莜麦蛋白的提取率为79.24%。与常规碱法提取莜麦蛋白相比,微波辅助提取法能大幅减少提取时间,显著提高莜麦蛋白的提取率。     

超声提取云南甜荞籽粒总黄酮工艺研究

以云南甜荞籽粒为研究对象,采用超声辅助醇提法提取荞麦总黄酮,并对工艺条件进行优化,为云南荞麦黄酮功能性成分的工业化提取提供科学依据。通过单因素试验,以总黄酮得率为考察指标,分别考察超声时间、温度、功率、乙醇浓度、料液比对荞麦总黄酮的影响,确定各因素的适宜水平。在此基础上,通过正交试验,确定云南甜荞籽粒中总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:超声辅助醇提法对云南甜荞籽粒总黄酮具有良好的提取效果;超声提取甜荞籽粒总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度80%、超声温度70℃、料液比1∶50(g/mL)、超声时间30min、超声功率150W;各因素的影响主次为乙醇浓度>料液比>超声温度。该条件下,荞麦总黄酮的得率为0.562%,是不经超声处理的乙醇浸提法的1.45倍。     

高压蒸煮及微波预熟工艺改良糙米品质的研究

选择糙米为原料,通过分析其经过高压蒸煮和微波预熟处理后糊化度和感官品质的变化确定最佳预熟工艺,研究预熟化对糙米营养成分、质构特性和米粉微观结构的影响.结果表明,两种预熟工艺处理后糙米淀粉含量较未处理的糙米增加了约6.54％和8.41％、总糖含量增加了20.88％和22.96％、蛋白质含量增加了2.33％和4.91％、脂...     

传统中式牛肉干生产过程中蛋白质流失情况分析

以牛肉为原料,调查自然解冻、微波解冻、流水解冻方法对蛋白质流失的影响。针对中式传统牛肉干预煮工艺,采用正交试验设计探讨了不同解冻方式、预煮时间、肉块大小和水料比对预煮后牛肉粗蛋白含量的影响,并测定了预煮液中固形物和粗蛋白的含量。结果显示：牛肉粗蛋白含量为20.64%,在解冻和预煮环节蛋白质流失分别为1.42%、5.95%;牛肉在加工过程中蛋白质流失情况总体为1.53g/100g,流失蛋白质占总蛋白量的7.37%;采用微波解冻的方法,预煮60min 的蛋白质流失最少,可使预煮后牛肉蛋白质含量损失最小;牛肉预煮液中蛋白质的含量为1.03g/100ml,固形物含量为2.08g/100ml。     

加水温度和蒸制时间对莜麦面面条水分状态和质构特性的影响

本文探讨加水温度和蒸制时间对莜麦面面条水分状态和质构特性的影响,旨在找到莜麦面面条制作工艺的关键参数。利用低场核磁共振技术和食品物性仪得到面条的水分状态和质构特性参数,研究了加水温度和蒸制时间对莜麦面面条水分状态和质构特性的影响。结果表明:加水温度和蒸制时间不改变面条中水分的主要存在形式,且水分的主要存在形式是弱结合水;提高加水温度使面条中深层结合水减少并向弱结合水和自由水方向迁移。加水温度由70 ℃升高到90 ℃的过程中,自由水含量先增加后减小,A₂₃由5.14%增加到11.2%后减小至10.4%。当蒸制时间从6 min增加到10 min时,A₂₂值和A₂₃值先升高后降低,A₂₂和A₂₃最大值分别为77.85%和10.67%,且对应的蒸制时间均为9 min。当加水温度从70 ℃升高到90 ℃时,硬度、黏着性、回复性逐渐减小,弹性、黏聚性逐渐增大,咀嚼性先减小后增大。当蒸制时间从6 min升高到10 min时,硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性、回复性先增大后减小,弹性、黏聚性先减小后增大。本研究结果为莜麦面面条的规模化生产提供一定的理论依据。     

Milk yield and composition of dairy cows fed concentrate based on naked oats.

A 1.5-yr study was designed to determine the effects of feeding isonitrogenous and isoenergetic concentrates based on naked oats, corn, or a mixture (50: 50 on as-fed basis) of naked oats and corn on milk yield and composition. In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and ruminal degradabilities of DM, N, and starch of naked oats were compared with those of covered oats. Twenty-seven multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by similar calving date and assigned to 9 replicates. All cows were fed a mixture of grass silage, protein supplement, concentrate, and a vitamin and mineral mix for ad libitum intake. Treatment diets were fed from 3 to 36 wk of lactation. Milk yield and composition, yield of 4% fat-corrected milk, and yield of protein and fat were similar among treatments. Ruminal effective degradabilities of DM were higher for naked oats than for covered oats, but the ruminal degradabilities of crude protein and starch were similar. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM, crude protein, and starch were greater for naked than covered oats; the potentially degradable fractions were less. In vitro DM digestibility of naked oats was higher than was that of covered oats. Naked oats may be a good alternative to corn for milk yield.     

The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the digestible energy content of naked oats (Avena sativa cv Bandicoot) fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the digestible energy (DE) content of two samples of naked oats (Avena sativa cv Bandicoot) and to compare these parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Machete) and dehulled oats (groats; Avena sativa cv Echidna). Four Large White male pigs were fitted with simple T-piece ileal cannulae and allocated to experimental diets in a 4×4 Latin square design. Amino acid digestibility coefficients were determined after continuous eight hour collections of digesta over two consecutive days using acid-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker. Digestible energy was determined using grab samples of faeces. No significant difference between the four test cereals was found in the digestibility of all amino acids, except for proline and lysine. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in wheat (0·87) and two samples of naked oats (0·89 and 0·82, respectively) was lower (P<0·05) than dehulled oats (0·91). The mean DE value of the naked oats samples was 16·96 MJ kg⁻¹ (air-dry basis). The results suggest that Bandicoot naked oats and dehulled oats are superior amino acid and DE sources to wheat and have potential for use in weaner and grower pig diets. © 1998 SCI.     

The Effect of Inclusion of Naked Oats in the Concentrate Offered to Dairy Cows on Milk Production,Milk Fat Composition and Properties

Dairy cows in early or mid-lactation were offered naked oats- or barley-based concentrates in addition to ad libitum access to grass silage in a continuous design experiment of 10 weeks duration. Concentrates were formulated on an isonitrogenous basis and contained either 500 g barley or 565 g naked oats kg⁻¹ concentrates as the principal energy source in the concentrate. Concentrate type had no effect on silage intake, milk yield or milk protein concentration. However, nitrogen and modified acid detergent fibre digestibility were significantly reduced by inclusion of naked oats and this was reflected in a significant reduction in milk fat concentration. Milk fat from early lactation cows on the naked oats diet contained the highest proportion of unsaturated and the lowest proportion of saturated fatty acids. Sensory and instrumental analyses determined that this milk fat produced the softest, most spreadable butter. This was supported by solid fat content results. The degree of change in milk fat composition due to diet was similar irrespective of stage of lactation but milk fat compositions with the control treatment differed with stage of lactation. Dietary effects were established by the end of the first week of the trial and persisted for the 10-week trial period.     

Optimisation of puffing naked barley

The expansion of volume (the puffing index) of naked barley was investigated at various operating conditions of the puffing process. The purpose was to optimise the manufacture of expanded grains of the naked barley cultivars that have exceptional nutritional value for humans. The influence of the following parameters on the puffing index was investigated: the mass and the moisture content of the charge of the puffing barrel, pressure and temperature during the puffing process, the cultivar of barley, pre-processing of the grain (grinding and polishing), adding water into the barrel and the sensory quality of the product.

A regression equation was established for the calculation of the puffing index as a function of the operating parameters. The puffing index is influenced especially by the operating temperature and pressure. There was no influence found of mass of the charge, the cultivar of barley, the degree of grinding of barley, washing of the grains and adding water on the puffing index. The puffing index is not the sole indicator of the quality of the expanded product. It is necessary to take into account the sensory evaluation. A quality expanded naked barley was obtained at the operating temperature of 550 °C and pressure from 0.9 to 1.0 MPa with the moisture content of the charge around 16.5%.     

贵州三穗血浆鸭干法腌制工艺优化

为了完善三穗血浆鸭生产技术体系,提高产品质量,以三穗鸭为原料,研究预煮时间、腌制时间、食盐浓度和料酒浓度对鸭肉综合品质的影响,并优化三穗血浆鸭的干法腌制工艺。结果表明,三穗血浆鸭干法腌制工艺的最佳参数为:预煮时间2.4min,腌制时间39.0min,食盐浓度3.0%,料酒浓度2.9%。该条件下制作的鸭肉,经过油炸后其表面润泽、颜色金黄且均匀,具有鸭肉特有的香气,肉质柔嫩紧密且酥软。     

莜麦保健面包的研制

介绍了莜麦面包的制法。结果表明:在面包中添加莜麦及汉生胶,增加了面包的体积和持水性,使面包口感柔软,并且有保健功能。