化学腐蚀工艺对激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金表面粗糙度的影响

采用化学腐蚀技术解决激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting, SLM)成形钛合金表面黏附粉末导致表面粗糙的问题,系统研究了腐蚀溶液成分及工艺参数对SLM成形TC4钛合金表面粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明,腐蚀液的成分配比与腐蚀时间是主要的影响因素,随着HF/HNO₃体积比的减小,样品表面粗糙度降低效果减弱。当HF/HNO₃=1/4时,随着腐蚀时间的增加,样品表面粗糙度显著降低,但当腐蚀时间过长时会造成对基体的损伤。当HF∶HNO₃体积比=1∶4,腐蚀时间为9 min时,样品表面粗糙度为2.52 μm,同时腐蚀处理过程对样品的尺寸影响较小(降低0.12 mm),此时达到一个最佳状态。     

WC含量对Stellite6激光熔覆涂层耐液态铅铋腐蚀性能的影响

为提高316L不锈钢耐高速流液态铅铋腐蚀能力,采用激光熔覆方法,通过在Stellite6合金中添加不同比重的WC制备熔覆层,将加工好的试样放进400℃的高温铅铋熔融炉进行500 h高速流实验,相对流速设定为3.23 m/s。使用SEM、XRD、EDS、OM和激光共聚焦显微镜观察了熔覆层腐蚀前后的微观组织和表面形貌,结果表明:随着WC含量增加,熔覆层的硬度值也逐渐增加,当WC添加量在10%时,耐磨性最好,表面粗糙度值最低为33.6μm;不同WC含量的熔覆层均能够有效地提升耐蚀性能,当WC添加量在10%时,渗氧层的深度最小,为2.8μm。     

熔石英在3ω激光下输入输出面的阈值分析

在紫外激光条件下对熔石英样品输入输出面进行了损伤阈值测试,测试结果表明熔石英样品输入面损伤阈值是输出面的1.25倍.其损伤形貌基本表现为小麻孔聚集和烧蚀疤痕,表明其损伤由激光驻波场和烧蚀共同引起,并用激光压力模型对其损伤机理进行了分析.     

熔石英光学元件纳米划痕亚表面损伤特性

为了实现熔石英光学元件激光损伤阈值的提升,本文分析了划痕对熔石英激光损伤的影响,利用纳米压痕实验区分塑脆划痕,通过时域有限差分(FDTD)算法仿真给出不同深度、不同宽深比的划痕对光场调制的影响结果,最后选取典型划痕进行R-on-1激光阈值测试实验.结果表明,深度在53 nm以下的塑性划痕对激光损伤无影响,处于塑脆转变阶段的划痕有一定几率诱导损伤,脆性划痕处损伤阈值远远低于基底阈值,仅为基底阈值的43.1%,是降低光学元件激光损伤阈值的重要因素.实验数据与理论仿真具有一致性.     

不同化学蚀刻法对石英基片激光损伤阈值的影响

为提高三倍频光学元件的表面损伤阈值,采用了不同方式对石英基片进行酸蚀刻,利用原子力显微镜观测了基片蚀刻前后的表面微观形貌,并在激光损伤测量装置上进行了R:1方式的阈值测试,比较分析了蚀刻前后基片激光损伤阈值和表面形貌的变化,并比较了不同抛光质量石英基片蚀刻效果的差异.通过实验研究,总结了不同蚀刻方式的优缺点,研究表明酸蚀刻法可以有效提高石英基片激光损伤阈值.     

激光诱导损伤对熔石英玻璃弯曲强度弱化影响及安全设计

激光诱导损伤是导致熔石英真空光学元件突发破裂的根本原因。本工作采用神光-Ⅲ原型装置终端光学组件的熔石英真空光学元件制作了标准样品,统计分析了熔石英玻璃样品表面损伤形貌特征,探究了激光诱导损伤对熔石英玻璃样品弯曲强度的影响。结果表明:激光诱导熔石英玻璃损伤点形貌为典型的半椭球体,损伤点深度随其长度增大呈上升趋势,深度极限基本不超过2mm;损伤点对熔石英玻璃弯曲强度影响非常明显,含损伤点的样品平均弯曲强度仅为不含损伤点样品平均弯曲强度的41%。随着损伤点长度和深度增大,熔石英玻璃的弯曲强度总体呈下降趋势,但当损伤点长度大于15 mm,弯曲强度下降趋势明显缓和,损伤点长深比对弯曲强度无明显影响。熔石英玻璃真空窗口光学元件安全设计,应考虑玻璃弯曲强度离散性及持久应力作用综合影响,且在损伤点位置处的最大弯曲拉应力不应超过其弯曲强度设计值。     

多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅清洗方法研究

采用SPM (Sulfuric-Peroxide Mixtures, 98wt%H₂SO₄+30wt%H₂O₂)+兆声(方法1)和氧等离子体+HPM (Hydrochloric/Peroxide Mixture, 37wt%HCl+30wt%H₂O₂+DIH₂O)+兆声(方法2)两种清洗方法对多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅进行清洗, 并对清洗前后样品的表面元素含量、衍射效率、表面粗糙度、表面温升以及激光损伤阈值等参数进行测量以评估两种清洗方法清洗效果。在入射角70°, 脉宽12 ns, s偏振, 波长1064 nm的激光辐照下, 经过清洗方法1清洗后的光栅样品单脉冲激光损伤阈值为7.55 J/cm ², 而方法2清洗后的样品损伤阈值为5.32 J/cm ²。另外, 虽然经过方法2清洗后样品表面杂质含量更低, 但是在衍射效率、表面粗糙度和表面温升都劣于经方法1清洗后的样品, 进一步分析发现方法2中氧等离子体清洗过程引入的Fe元素影响了其样品损伤性能和温升性能。因此, SPM清洗方法可以作为多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅提升抗激光损伤性能的优化清洗方案。     

熔石英亚表面缺陷的研究进展

介绍了熔石英亚表面缺陷(SSD)的深度分布与粒径的量化关系及表面粗糙度的量化,以及杂质引起热破坏、裂纹导致电场增强、缺陷导致机械性能弱化3种诱导熔石英损伤的机理.还介绍了氢氟酸(HF)刻蚀和激光预处理2种非常有效的控制熔石英亚表面缺陷的技术,并对熔石英亚表面缺陷研究现状、存在问题和发展趋势进行了简要的总结和展望.     

2A12铝合金基体超疏水表面制备及性能研究

铝合金在使用过程中极易引发基体腐蚀现象,如点蚀、晶间腐蚀等,为保障铝合金在腐蚀环境中的应用,可通过建立超疏水表面改变铝合金表面的润湿性,从而在一定程度上减少腐蚀液与铝合金表面的接触,进而改善耐蚀性。本文通过酸刻蚀和沸水刻蚀两种方法在铝合金表面构筑微纳米结构,并使用低表面能物质硬脂酸进行表面处理得到超疏水表面。采用扫描电子显微镜、接触角测试仪、原子力显微镜分别对铝合金表面形貌、疏水性和粗糙度进行测试,得到两种方法的最佳制备时间,而后通过极化曲线对两种方法制备的铝合金表面耐蚀性能进行对比,进而研究两种刻蚀方法对铝合金耐蚀性的影响。实验结果表明：酸刻蚀时间为15 s时,铝合金表面接触角达到峰值163.9°,呈现超疏水状态,相对于空白样品,表面粗糙度增加了24倍,电化学自腐蚀电位正向移动0.362 8 V;沸水刻蚀时间为1 min时,其表面接触角达到峰值109.6°,比空白样品疏水性强但未呈现超疏水状态,相对于空白样品,经沸水刻蚀的铝合金表面粗糙度增加了4.4倍,电化学自腐蚀电位正向移动0.074 8 V。两种方法处理得到的铝合金表面的耐蚀性与空白铝合金试样相比均有显著提高,而酸刻蚀法的缓蚀效...     

单晶黑硅微结构对其反射率影响的研究

采用Ag辅助化学腐蚀法在不同H2O2浓度、腐蚀温度和腐蚀时间条件下制备了单晶黑硅微结构,并系统地研究了这种微结构对表面反射率的影响规律。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜对样品形貌进行了观察,并利用分光光度计对样品的表面反射率进行了测试,最终采用陷光模型对黑硅微结构与其反射率的关系进行了深入分析。发现当腐蚀液为7.8mol/L HF和0.6mol/L H2O2混合液、腐蚀温度为20℃以及腐蚀时间为90s时,所制备黑硅的腐蚀深度为900nm,其表面平均反射率为0.98%(400~900nm)。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。