岩石压剪断裂的模型试验研究

本文通过含中心斜裂纹砂浆试件的单轴压缩模型试验，测试并分析了裂纹扩展过程中的声发射特性和裂纹面相对位移。试验表明：岩石类脆性材料的压剪断裂破坏机理与拉剪断裂有本质的区别，裂纹面相对位移随轴压荷载的变化曲线与裂纹扩展过程中的声发射曲线具有一定的同步性，反映出中心斜裂纹压剪断裂的阶段性，以及裂纹的几何尺寸、分布规律和裂纹面物理力学性质对岩石压剪断裂的影响。     

基于三剪统一强度准则的岩石裂纹压剪断裂判据

基于三剪统一强度准则研究了岩石裂纹压剪断裂问题,根据最小J_2准则、最大拉应力准则及最小能量密度因子理论确定的岩石起裂角,给出了相应的岩石裂纹压剪断裂判据。通过断裂判据,计算出不同岩石的纯Ⅱ型裂纹断裂韧度与纯Ⅰ型裂纹断裂韧度的比值,并与试验值及其他准则的断裂判据理论比值进行了对比,发现通过改变中间主应力效应系数b,该比值可更接近实际值。该比值在开裂角确定时,与泊松比ν、内摩擦角φ及三剪统一强度准则中的中间主应力效应系数b有关,结果表明该断裂判据有一定的合理性。     

岩石纯剪断裂的新型实验方法

利用新型断裂装置研究了岩石在纯剪载荷作用下的裂纹扩展规律，并同时探讨了岩石真Ⅱ型断裂韧性的测试方法。     

基于裂纹界面摩擦滑动演化的岩石断裂研究

为了研究压剪应力共同作用下岩石裂纹变形演化机制,开展了压剪作用下含裂纹岩石断裂实验研究,采用数字散斑相关方法作为观测手段,获得了加载过程中岩石表面位移场演化、裂纹界面摩擦滑动演化、裂纹尖端应力强度因子等与岩石断裂扩展对应关系.结果表明:随着岩石表面位移场的演化,裂纹尖端阻碍了位移传递,形成了压应变集中区.随着剪力增加,裂纹上下界面滑动位移经历了无滑移、单调增加和波动增加3个阶段.裂纹扩展及尖端应力分布与裂纹界面摩擦滑动状态密切相关,当裂纹界面处于静摩擦状态时,裂纹尖端应力强度因子变化较小;当裂纹界面处于滑动状态时,裂纹尖端应力强度因子随着裂纹界面局部滑动呈波动增加.     

岩石压剪断裂的等效判据

采用等效的原则确定裂纹前沿应力分布，通过岩石力学中广泛应用的Ｈｏｅｋ－Ｂｒｏｗｎ准则，建立了岩石压剪断裂等效判据，并首次将Ｈ－Ｂ准则中的ｍ、ｓ与断裂韧度ＫⅠＣ、ＫⅡＣ联系起来，该判据与试验值有较好的一致性。     

压剪应力作用下岩石变形破裂全程动态监测研究

将实时激光全息干涉测量系统与岩石力学压剪加载系统相结合，通过图像采集系统实时动态捕获了压剪应力作用下板岩岩样压剪破坏过程的实时全息图．定量计算和描述了岩石裂纹扩展速率、演化路径和破坏形态．为岩石损伤断裂力学的实验测量探索出一条新途径．     

脆性材料斜裂纹扩展的数值试验与破坏模式分析

目的分析含斜裂纹脆性材料的破坏过程，研究不同裂纹对脆性材料力学性质的影响，确定斜裂纹的破坏模式．方法利用岩石破裂过程数值分析系统rpfa^2D对含一条斜裂纹岩石和三条斜裂纹岩石的破坏过程进行数值试验。应用断裂力学的方法对破坏模式进行理论分析．结果得到了单轴压缩条件下，含一条斜裂纹和三条斜裂纹岩石的整个破坏过程，确定了斜裂纹的破坏模式．结论数值试验的结果表明，单轴压缩条件下三条斜裂纹的扩展，一开始发生在内部裂尖，内部裂尖扩展到临近的预置裂纹之后，外部的裂纹开始扩展；含单裂纹岩石的强度约为三裂纹强度的1．2倍．但三裂纹的残余强度比单裂纹高．数值试验和应力强度因子法得到同样的结论：单轴压缩条件下含一条、三条斜裂纹岩石的初始扩展为压剪破坏，当两裂纹尖端开始扩展之后。形成的翼型裂纹破坏模式为拉剪破坏．笔者提供了一种研究复合型裂纹扩展和断裂破坏模式的新方法．     

基于三剪统一屈服准则的复合裂纹断裂分析

基于三剪统一屈服准则,研究了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型复合断裂问题,对复合裂纹的断裂条件进行了分析计算,给出了包含十二面体单元上的2个主剪面应力对材料屈服的共同影响系数b及反映材料拉压性能的参数α的三剪统一屈服断裂因子,并根据裂纹扩展条件及临界状态下断裂因子的取值得到了复合裂纹断裂准则。算例中对35CrMn2材料的复合裂纹的开裂角及断裂因子进行了计算,并给出了影响系数b与开裂角θ0的关系曲线,算例的实验值与数值解的比较结果表明,通过改变参数可使该断裂准则适用于不同性质的材料且该准则可较好地应用于复合断裂问题。     

纯剪应力作用下岩石的Ⅱ型断裂韧度

本文根据含Ⅱ型裂纹介质在纯剪应力场作用下,裂纹尖端的不同周向上,存在着某个方向拉应力最大,某个方向的剪应力最大,讨论了裂纹初始扩展(断裂)可能呈拉裂或剪坏两种特征,由此定义了两类相应的断裂韧度;并导出了两者的关系式。文中还介绍了笔者室内测定岩石断裂韧度的试验成果及利用剪切面含50％裂隙现场大剪试验资料分析岩石断裂韧度的方法。并讨论了实际含裂隙岩体断裂分析如何选取这两类断裂韧度值。     

龙滩碾压混凝土重力坝水平层面稳定安全的断裂分析

提出了一种适用于分析含压剪裂缝结构的非线性断裂力学数值分析模型——压剪钝裂缝带模型；并基于此模型，提出了一种新的求解方法——调整力向量法，可较方便地求解复杂的压剪断裂问题；并编制了相应的非线性有限元计算程序。进而对龙滩碾压混凝土重力坝的建基面和碾压层进行了压剪断裂过程分析，得到了裂缝的发展过程及相应的应力、应变场，并对软化模型作了计算比较分析；同时，得到了大坝各高程的材料强度储备系数。最后，得出大坝上游防渗措施和保证水平施工缝具有足够的抗渗要求是保证龙滩大坝稳定安全的关键的结论     

Rock fracture under anti-plane shear (Mode III) loading

Anti-plane punch-through shear test and anti-plane four-point bending test are used to study the crack initiation and propagation under anti-plane shear (Mode III) loading. The tensile and shear stresses at the crack tip are calcualted by finite element method. The results show that under Mode III loading the maximum principal stress σ₁ at crack tip is smaller or a little larger than the maximum shear stress τ_max. Since the tensile strength of brittle rock is much lower than its shear strength, σ₁ is easy to reach its critical value before τ_max reaches its critical value and thus results in Mode I fracture. The fracture trajectory is helicoid and the normal direction of tangential plane with the fractured helicoid is along the predicted direction of the maximum principal stress at the notch tip. It is further proved that Mode I instead of Mode III fracture occurs in brittle rock under Mode III loading. The fracture mode depending on the fracture mechanism must be distinguished from the loading form. Foundation item: Project (50374073) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; project (2002032256) supported by the Postdoctor Science Foundation of China     

Mode II fracture analysis of double edge cracked circular disk subjected to different diametral compression

A detailed analysis of modeⅡstress intensity factors(SIFs) for the double edge cracked Brazilian disk subjected to different diametral compression is presented using a weight function method. The mode Ⅱ SIFs at crack tips can be obtained by simply calculating an integral of the product of mode Ⅱ weight function and the shear stress on the prospective crack faces of uncracked disk loaded by a diametral compression. A semi-analytical formula for the calculation of normalized mode Ⅱ SIF, fⅡ , is derived for different crack lengths (from 0.1 to 0.7) and inclination angles (from 10^。 to 75^。) with respect to loading direction. Comparison between the obtained results and finite element method solutions shows that the weight function method is of high precision. Combined with the authors‘ previous work on modeⅠfracture analysis, the new specimen geometry can be used to study fracture through any combination of mode Ⅰ and mode Ⅱ loading by a simple alignment of the crack relative to the diameter of compression loading, and to obtain pure mode Ⅱ crack extension. Another advantage of this specimen geometry is that it is available directly from rock core and is also easy to fabricate.     

Analysis of fracture process zone in brittle rock subjected to shear-compressive loading

1　INTRODUCTIONFracture process zone (FPZ) is very importantto study some physical phenomena, such as nonlin ear behavior of brittle rock and initial angle ofcrack extension which has to be taken into accountin order to predict the initial angle of crack exten sion and the fracture locus. Besides, the structureand size of FPZ ahead of crack tip are crucial forthe application of conventional fracture criteria,since the stress or energy in these criteria shouldbe ca…     

Use of double edge-cracked Brazilian disk geometry for compression-shear fracture investigation of rock

A new specimen geometry-the double edge-cracked Brazilian disk and a relevant fracture analysis by weight function method are proposed for the investigation of rock fracture caused by compression-shear loading. Not only can the mixed mode fracture with any ratio of KI /KII be achieved, but also the pure mode n crack extension can be obtained. The combined mode fracture analysis for this geometry shows that diametral compression in the far-field can induce a compression-shear stress state in the singular stress field ahead of crack tips. Experimental investigations conducted on marble specimens show that the pure mode [I crack extension can be obtained when the dimen-sionless crack length a>0. 7 and the inclined crack angle 5°≤ψ≤40°. Normalized mode I and mode II stress intensity factors decrease from -0. 45 and 2. 47 at ψ= 5° to - 1. 65 and 1. 52 at ψ=40°, respectively. The strains at three points of specimen are also measured in order to investigate the influence of stress singularity on initi     

A composite material model for investigation of micro-fracture mechanism of brittle rock subjected to uniaxial compression

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Dynamic fracture behavior of rock under impact load using the caustics method

We studied the dynamic fracture mechanical behavior of rock under different impact rates. The fracture experiment was a three-point bending beam subjected to different impact loads monitored using the reflected caustics method. The mechanical parameters for fracture of the three-point bending beam specimen under impact load are analyzed. The mechanism of crack propagation is discussed. Experimental results show that the dynamic stress intensity factor increases before crack initiation. When the dynamic stress intensity factor reaches its maximum value the crack starts to develop. After crack initiation the dynamic stress intensity factor decreases rapidly and oscillates. As the impact rate increases the cracks initiate earlier, the maximum value of crack growth velocity becomes smaller and the values of dynamic stress intensity factor also vary less during crack propagation. The results provide a theoretical basis for the study of rock dynamic fracture.     

岩石裂隙的法向蠕变及渗流的影响

法向蠕变是岩石裂隙的重要力学性质之一．通过分析岩石裂隙法向蠕变机理、进行干燥及渗流情况下岩石裂隙法向蠕变试验,探讨了岩石裂隙的法向蠕变及渗流的影响．研究表明,对于粗糙岩石裂隙来说,瞬时有效应力总等于裂隙凸起的压缩强度,因而初始法向蠕变明显,而后随接触面增加,蠕变速率逐渐降低;渗流过程中,岩石裂隙法向蠕变更加明显,且初次加栽应力水平下岩石裂隙法向蠕变远大于后续加载应力水平;岩石裂隙法向蠕变不能决定岩石裂隙渗流能力的降低,水力冲蚀作用明显时,可能产生裂隙渗流能力随裂隙法向压缩而增大的情况;岩石裂隙的蠕变闭合与岩石裂隙面粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,岩石裂隙蠕变闭合量越大．研究结果对岩石裂隙法向蠕变的数值模拟及工程实践有一定参考价值．     

Analysis of brittle fracture due to compressive loading using center-cracked Brazilian disk

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分域边界元法双映射奇异元计算应力强度因子

边界单元法是一种很有效的数值计算方法,目前在很多工程领域的数值分析中都有了广泛的应用,并取得了很好的效果.用它来求解裂纹尖端的应力强度因子就是这种方法在断裂力学中非常成功而有效的应用.文中简单介绍线性单元的分域边界单元法的相关公式,并引入双映射奇异单元,分析了带单边斜裂纹的单向拉伸板的应力强度因子.计算的结果与其他解比较表明:这种方法效果很好,有较高的计算精度.     

不同面积载荷作用下的岩石试件破裂数值模拟

目的研究岩石受拉破裂的方法,探讨岩石拉破坏数值模拟方法的应用.方法采用试验和可模拟拉张破裂的数值模拟相结合的方法,分别选取加载面积直径为5 mm、10 mm、15mm3、0 mm、40 mm5、0 mm进行实验和数值模拟.结果由传统的数值模拟方法得出加载面积越小,应力集中的部分几乎贯通于岩石试件的整个对称轴,越近似于点载荷的情况;随着加载面积的增大应力集中的区域横向扩大,纵向缩短;由考虑拉破坏的对径受压岩石破裂数值模拟方法得出随着载荷作用面积的扩大,裂纹在纵向逐渐变短,横向破裂带越来越宽,这与试验结果相吻合.结论在载荷作用面积较小时,近似于点载荷的作用,岩石破裂近似于巴西劈裂;随着载荷作用面积的增加,拉应力集中范围在纵向变短,横向变宽;裂纹开裂范围也在纵向变小,横向变大.利用裂张单元可以模拟岩石的拉破裂.