铁路环境振动对厂房内精密仪器的影响分析

以龙烟铁路沿线厂房内的精密仪器为研究对象,利用有限元法,建立轨道-桥梁及桥墩-基础-土体计算模型,计算货车在不同运行速度下引起的大地振动响应,得出振动加速度、速度及位移沿距离的衰减规律,分析铁路环境振动对铁路沿线厂房内精密仪器的影响。研究表明：列车速度对振动响应的影响较大,速度越高,地面上相同位置上的振动响应越大;振动加速度、速度和位移沿距离的衰减特性基本一致,呈现指数曲线的衰减规律;若不考虑精密仪器的自身隔振能力,两列货车以120km/h和100km/h的速度在精密仪器附近交会时,加速度、位移及y方向的速度预测值满足仪器振动限值要求,x和z方向的速度预测值超出了仪器振动限值要求;考虑精密仪器自身基础的隔振能力后,振动预测值均满足仪器振动限值要求。     

基于现场监测的海洋平台冰振控制效果评价

渤海辽东湾的ＪＺ２０－２ＮＷ 平台采用甲板阻尼隔振技术降低平台的冰激振动问题。根据海洋平台冰激振动的特点,设计现场监测系统,检验阻尼隔振系统的减振效果。对平台隔振的上下两层甲板的加速度和相对位移响应进行监测,并对实测数据进行对比分析。监测结果表明,上层甲板的振动强度相比下层甲板有所减弱,阻尼隔振装置起到控制上层甲板振动的效果。但是上下甲板的振动频率和相位无差别,说明减振装置未产生最理想的减振效果。同时对有无阻尼隔振装置结构的阻尼比进行提取,表明相对位移越大,上下甲板的阻尼比越大。减振后上下甲板的阻尼比都有所增加,结构振动耗能增加。应用实践表明,阻尼隔振技术是一种有效的海洋平台冰激振动减振措施,但仍有许多地方需要完善。     

柔性基础上金属橡胶隔振系统混沌响应研究

研究柔性基础上金属橡胶隔振系统混沌响应。通过对柔性基础等效简化,将整个系统简化为双层线性-非线性混合隔振系统建立数学模型,给出状态方程;对给定的隔振系统参数进行数值仿真分析,绘制系统响应随激励幅值、频率变化分岔图。通过对不同参数下系统时间历程曲线、相轨迹图、庞加莱映射图及频谱图分析,确定系统产生混沌响应的参数取值;并实例讨论金属橡胶隔振系统混沌振动应用的一般方法,为柔性基础上金属橡胶非线性系统混沌振动的应用奠定基础。     

筏体和基础弹性对设备冲击响应影响的有限元分析

带有限位器的浮筏隔振系统是非线性系统,利用ANSYS建立了这一非线性系统的有限元模型,计算了带有限位器的浮筏隔振系统模型的冲击响应,分析了筏体弹性、基础弹性和限位器参数对冲击响应的影响.计算结果表明筏体弹性和基础弹性对系统的冲击响应均有一定程度的影响,它们使得机组的最大加速度响应减小,筏体和机组的最大位移响应增大.对于刚性浮筏隔振系统和弹性浮筏隔振系统,限位器间隙与冲击响应之间的关系是相同的,即随着限位器间隙的减小,筏体和机组的最大加速度响应增大,而最大位移响应都减小.     

大质量隔振的机械阻抗法分析

应用机械阻抗方法针对两个自由度系统和三个自由度系统进行了大质量隔振分析.考察了质量比对隔振效果的影响,研究了隔振的有效区域.结果表明,在高频率段,大质量可以有效地控制位移响应的传递同时控制系统的绝对响应.     

弹簧隔振基础中速磨煤机振动性态分析与动力优化

火力发电厂中速磨煤机采用弹簧隔振基础以减小设备工作扰力对主厂房的影响。为了分析弹簧隔振基础中速磨煤机的振动性态并评估其振动安全性,对五个电厂八台磨煤机进行现场振动测试。测试了基础上、下台板和设备本体的振动线位移。建立了磨煤机—基础耦合的有限元模型,进行模态分析和谐响应分析。有限元计算结果与现场动测结果基本一致。对弹簧隔振基础中速磨煤机的设计参数进行了优化分析。研究表明,弹簧隔振中速磨煤机基础振动位移满足规范要求,但设备本体振动位移较大,设计中应该通过限制基础平台的振动位移来控制设备本体的振动位移。     

边界摩擦条件下含有预紧的对合碟簧隔振单元的振动特性

为研究对合碟簧的摩擦对隔振单元振动特性的影响,设计了一种存在预紧的对合碟簧隔振单元,建立了考虑边界摩擦条件下对合碟簧组的刚度模型。通过准静态加载试验验证了该刚度模型的正确性;并提出了该碟簧隔振单元的非线性动力学模型,应用平均法对对合碟簧隔振单元的自由振动进行分析,得出影响系统自由振动频率的各项因素;对基础激励下对合碟簧隔振单元的受迫振动进行分析计算。结果表明:在小位移振动条件下,该碟簧隔振单元可近似等效成非线性黏性阻尼系统,且附加支持力系数仅影响系统脱离频率,刚度三次项系数值的选取越大越不利于系统隔振;在大位移振动条件下,计算得到了系统存在异常跳跃状态与全频域内传递率系数T′d≤0状态,并说明这两种状态与黏性阻尼系数以及附加支持力系数间的联系。     

三台巨型离心机基础振动相互影响与分缝隔振效能研究EI北大核心CSCD

某科学装置包括重载机、高速机和模型机三台巨型离心机,主机基础位于软土基坑内,其中高速机转速达668 r/min,重载机最大容量为1900 Gt,基础结构的振动问题不容忽视。为了对多个主机基础间的振动相互影响进行研究,基于有限元软件建立离心机基础结构+地基的三维耦合模型,采用动力时程方法计算分析了各主机运行工况下的振动响应,并基于多个分缝优化方案,研究了分缝隔振的效能。结果表明:模型机运行时其自身基础的振动位移幅值最大;重载机运行时对相邻机组振动的影响最为显著,对相邻基础的振动传递比例分别达到63%和72%;对相邻机组振动影响呈现随与振源距离增大而衰减的趋势;在地连墙包围的条件下,三基础间的分缝隔振效能不突出,从振动响应对比看,三台机组间不分缝是相对较优的方案。     

斜置隔振系统功率流传递特性

针对工程中常见的复杂柔性耦合隔振系统,本文对隔振器斜置的情况进行了研究.在充分考虑基础结构的柔性、各支承间的耦合作用的前提下,分析了机器设备-隔振器-柔性基础这一振动隔离系统的动态特性,推导了系统功率流传递表达式,并且结合工程实际对斜置隔振系统的理论模型进行了具体的数值计算,绘制了功率流传递曲线,着重分析了隔振器倾斜角度的变化对输入到基础梁功率流的影响.     

列车垂向振动的半主动随机隔振研究

依据拉格郎日方程,建立了六自由度铁路客车半主动隔振系统的垂向振动模型;应用MATLAB软件编制了“铁路客车被动、半主动随机隔振分析”仿真系统,对铁路客车随机隔振进行计算机仿真。计算在不同的输入参数下,车辆的时域响应和位移与加速度响应方差,讨论了弹簧刚度、阻尼、车速等对隔振性能的影响。应用非线性随机振动理论对比分析了铁道客车的被动、半主动随机隔振的隔振效果,对铁道客车半主动随机隔振系统进行了参数优化。结果表明：半主动悬架的隔振性能比被动悬架有显著提高,在设计半主动悬架隔振系统时,可以在许可范围内适当增大阻尼、减小弹簧刚度,以达到最佳的隔振效果。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。