水包稠油乳状液破乳剂的合成及性能研究

采用氧化还原引发剂过硫酸铵/亚硫酸氢钠,以苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为单体,通过乳液聚合法合成水包稠油破乳剂——苯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸丁酯/丙烯酰胺/甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵,并用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对四元共聚物破乳剂的结构进行表征。合成四元共聚物稠油破乳剂的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度为65℃,乳化剂用量(占体系总质量)为1.6%,引发剂用量(占单体总质量)为1.1%,单体质量分数为30%。利用胜利油田陈庄稠油模拟的稠油乳状液对自制四元共聚物稠油破乳剂进行了破乳性能评价。在破乳温度为60℃,加药量为200 mg/L,破乳时间为120 min时,破乳效果最佳,即脱水率达到89.3%,水中含油量为198.6 mg/L,界面状态整齐,脱出水水色清。自制水包稠油破乳剂的破乳性能优于市售破乳剂AE-8051,YT-100,SP-169,BQ-05。     

船舶含油污水的破乳絮凝处理研究

针对船舶含油污水成分复杂、乳化较严重、处理难度大的问题,采用破乳—絮凝协同处理的方法对其进行处理。通过单因素实验筛选出高效破乳剂和絮凝剂,并优化了破乳与絮凝处理的工艺条件。结果表明,在p H为8,温度为40°C,6~#破乳剂投加量为200 mg/L,破乳时间为30 min;三氯化铁投加量为150 mg/L,搅拌强度为250 r/min,搅拌时间为120 s的条件下,除油率可达90%以上,处理后实际船舶含油污水的含油质量浓度可达7.1 mg/L,低于《船舶污染物排放标准》(GB 3552—1983)的排放限值。     

新型絮凝-缓蚀双效高分子的合成及性能

以自制曼尼希碱(A)和对丙烯酰胺苯甲酸钠(B)为单体原料,以过硫酸钾和亚硫酸氢钠为复合引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法制得聚合物(AB);利用响应面法优化合成工艺条件,确定其最佳工艺条件为n(曼尼希碱A)∶n(对丙烯酰胺苯甲酸钠B)为1.3∶1,聚合时间为6.5h及聚合温度为80℃。采用Tafel极化曲线、AFM、XPS对该聚合物的缓蚀性能进行了研究,同时考察了该聚合物对油田废水的除油效果。结果表明:在50℃,聚合物的投加量为0.9%时,A3钢在20%的盐酸溶液中缓蚀剂率达到98.9%,且该聚合物为抑制阳极为主的缓蚀剂;当聚合物加入量为50mg/L、温度60℃、p H=5时,除油率达到90.3%。     

两性离子型聚合物絮凝剂的制备及性能评价

海上油田含油污水具有矿化度高、成分复杂以及稳定性强的特点,使用常规的聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂处理效果较差,以丙烯酰胺（AM）、丙烯酸（AA）、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）和有机硅单体（KS-10）为原料合成制备了一种新型两性离子型聚合物絮凝剂PAM-D11,并对其分子结构进行了红外光谱和核磁共振谱图表征分析,结果表明各种单体均参与了聚合反应。PAM-D11对目标含油污水具有较好的除油效果,当其投加量为100mg/L时,除油率可以达到96%以上;并且含油污水的矿化度越高,PAM-D11的除油效果越好;当含油污水的pH处于6～8之间时,PAM-D11的除油效果相对较好;随着污水中含油量的不断升高,PAM-D11的除油率稍有降低,但降低幅度较小;另外,在相同的实验条件下,PAM-D11的除油效果明显优于其他市售的无机絮凝剂和有机絮凝剂,说明PAM-D11能够应用于高矿化度含油污水的絮凝处理中。     

高浓度冷轧硅钢片乳化液废水絮凝实验研究

某硅钢厂排放高浊度高浓度乳化液废水(COD 37 g/L、p H=6.5~8.5),调试现场拟采用单独投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)与混合投加(PAC+聚丙烯酰胺(PAM))两种絮凝方法对乳化液废水进行处理。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了最佳絮凝条件为PAC投加量3500 mg/L、PAM投加量15 mg/L、p H值7.5左右,此时乳化液废水COD降至654 mg/L,COD去除率高达98.3%;该乳化液废水的破乳条件为PAC投加量≥2250mg/L、p H≥7.0;对比单独投加PAC与混合投加(PAC+PAM)的处理效果,结果表明,尽管COD去除率变化不大,但由于PAM助凝效果明显,故建议在实际工程中采用混合投加(PAC+PAM)。     

疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂的合成及其除油性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)和丙烯酸十八酯(OA)为原料，以K₂S₂O₈-Na₂SO₃组成的氧化还原体系为引发剂，通过水溶液聚合法合成一种疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂(PADO),并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹HNMR)和热重(TGA)对其结构进行表征。将PADO用于处理含油废水，考察了单体n(AM)∶n(DMDAAC)、疏水单体OA质量分数、反应温度、反应时间、PADO投加质量浓度对除油效果的影响。结果表明，在反应温度为70℃、反应时间为6 h、n(AM)∶n(DMDAAC)=2∶1、疏水单体OA质量分数为2%、PADO投加质量浓度为40 mg/L的条件下，除油率和浊度的去除率分别可达98.06%和98.53%,破乳絮凝效果良好。含油废水处理后的油质量浓度降至4.36 mg/L,小于国家排放和行业回注标准中的5 mg/L。     

酸化曝气破乳对乳化油去除效果实验研究

以人工配制的乳化油含量为40 mg/L的水样为处理对象,在p H为3~4条件下,采用硫酸铝、氯化铁、聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺作为絮凝剂,对乳化油水样进行曝气处理,然后投加适量的絮凝剂进行破乳反应,经沉淀后投加浮选剂聚合硫酸铁进行浮选。结果表明,4种絮凝剂对乳化油去除效果分别为:硫酸铝投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为84.2%;氯化铁投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为88.9%;聚合氯化铝投加量0.5 mg/L,乳化油去除率为92.5%;聚丙烯酰胺投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为95.5%。这是由于p H为3~4时,絮凝剂可以与酸根作用生成不溶于水的脂肪酸或脂肪醇,从而破坏了乳化油的稳定性,实现破乳。酸化曝气破乳工艺设备简单、处理效果比较稳定,尤其适用于酸性含乳化油废水,有效提高了乳化油的去除率,为含乳化油废水的破乳处理提供了新的思路。     

高浓度切削液废水酸析-混凝破乳试验研究

针对某机械制造厂机械加工过程中产生的高浓度切削液废水进行破乳预处理试验,比较8种絮凝剂的混凝破乳效果,研究了投加助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)以及调节p H对混凝破乳的影响,通过正交试验,综合技术可行性,优选出最佳破乳条件。结果表明,聚合氯化铝(PAC)为最佳絮凝剂;废水加浓硫酸酸析,p H降至6后,PAC投加量为6 g/L,PAM投加量为0.1 g/L,混合快搅5 min,絮凝慢搅5 min,静沉30 min后,废水COD去除率可达61.2%。     

聚季铵盐反相破乳剂的合成及破乳性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺为单体,分别与不同的有机胺交联剂反应,合成了3种阳离子聚季铵盐反相破乳剂。采用模拟三元驱油田污水评价其破乳性能,考察破乳剂与无机絮凝剂的配伍性。试验结果表明:优选PRJ2破乳剂最佳投加量为80 mg/L时,除油率为94.56%,污水透光率为11.7%;该破乳剂与无机絮凝剂的配伍性好,絮凝剂PAFS投加量为800 mg/L时处理效果最佳,透光率最高为77.5%,除油率为97.32%。该破乳剂破乳效果优于其它工业常规药剂。     

酸化曝气破乳对乳化油去除效果实验研究

以人工配制的乳化油含量为40 mg/L的水样为处理对象,在p H为3⁴条件下,采用硫酸铝、氯化铁、聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺作为絮凝剂,对乳化油水样进行曝气处理,然后投加适量的絮凝剂进行破乳反应,经沉淀后投加浮选剂聚合硫酸铁进行浮选。结果表明,4种絮凝剂对乳化油去除效果分别为:硫酸铝投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为84.2%;氯化铁投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为88.9%;聚合氯化铝投加量0.5 mg/L,乳化油去除率为92.5%;聚丙烯酰胺投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为95.5%。这是由于p H为34条件下,采用硫酸铝、氯化铁、聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺作为絮凝剂,对乳化油水样进行曝气处理,然后投加适量的絮凝剂进行破乳反应,经沉淀后投加浮选剂聚合硫酸铁进行浮选。结果表明,4种絮凝剂对乳化油去除效果分别为:硫酸铝投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为84.2%;氯化铁投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为88.9%;聚合氯化铝投加量0.5 mg/L,乳化油去除率为92.5%;聚丙烯酰胺投加量0.6 mg/L,乳化油去除率为95.5%。这是由于p H为3⁴时,絮凝剂可以与酸根作用生成不溶于水的脂肪酸或脂肪醇,从而破坏了乳化油的稳定性,实现破乳。酸化曝气破乳工艺设备简单、处理效果比较稳定,尤其适用于酸性含乳化油废水,有效提高了乳化油的去除率,为含乳化油废水的破乳处理提供了新的思路。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.