电镀条件对非晶态Pd-Ni-P镀层组成和形貌的影响

采用电沉积法制备了Pd-Ni-P合金,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对镀层的形貌、成分和结构进行了分析,研究了PdCl2、NiSO4·6H2O主盐浓度、电流密度等电镀条件对其形貌、组成及性能的影响.结果表明,通过控制主盐浓度和电流密度,可以获得不同成分的Pd-Ni-P合金镀层.Pd-Ni-P合金镀层的结构为非晶态结构或微晶结构,在300 ℃下热处理1 h后,非晶态镀层有少量Ni3P相析出,但仍基本保持非晶态.350 ℃下热处理1 h后,镀层发生晶化,主要析出Ni3P、Ni2Pd2P相.在3%NaCl溶液中,Pd-Ni-P合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能优于Ni-P镀层,耐腐蚀性能随Pd含量增加而增强.     

化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的微观结构

用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜研究了化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的微观结构,提出了镀层结构模型,分析了镀层生成的结晶机理,比较了低磷与高磷Ni-P合金的晶体结构区别;前者为致密的镍基相中弥散分布粒状Ni3P相的晶体结构,后者为几何形状不规则的非晶态结构。对非晶态组织在300℃和400℃进行热处理,合金镀层发生晶化转变,且生成的Ni3P微晶显示出调幅结构。     

热处理对Ni-P合金镀层组织结构、显微硬度与耐蚀性能的影响

目前,有关热处理对Ni-P合金镀层组织结构与性能的影响研究不够深入。采用脉冲电沉积方法在Q235钢表面制备Ni-P合金镀层,并在200～500℃下进行热处理。利用X射线衍射仪分析镀层的相结构,用电化学极化曲线和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对镀层在3.5%NaCl,10%HCl和10%H2SO4溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,提高热处理温度,Ni3P相的析出速度增大,Ni-P合金镀层的晶化时间减少,达到最高硬度所需的热处理时间相应缩短,镀层经300℃和400℃热处理后的最高硬度分别达到862.8 HV2N和887.4HV2 N;Ni-P合金镀层热处理晶化后,其耐蚀性能显著降低,在3种腐蚀介质中均发生点蚀。     

化学沉积Ni-P及Ni-Cu-P合金镀层晶化行为的比较

利用DSC和XRD对化学沉积Ni-P及Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的晶化行为进行了比较研究，结果表明：低磷Ni-P镀层直接转变为稳定相Ni3P,而低磷（高铜）Ni-Cu-P镀层则经生成亚稳中间相Ni5P2后再向稳定相Ni3P转变，高磷非晶态Ni-12.1%P(质量分数，下同）和Ni-17.96%Cu-9.29%P合金镀层均先形成亚稳中间相Ni5P2和Ni12P5后，再转变为稳定相Ni3P,但Ni-Cu-P合金镀层转变为亚稳相的温度比Ni-P镀层的高。     

热处理对Ni-P镀层结构及硬度的影响

采用化学镀的方法,在低碳钢基体上制备了纳米相含量不同的镀层.镀层在氩气保护下,分别经200,400℃保温1h进行热处理.采用电子探针(EPMA)、XRD射线衍射以及维氏硬度计研究了镀层热处理前后结构及硬度的变化.结果表明,随着纳米相含量的增多,镀层由非晶逐渐变为纳米晶,而硬度相应变大.200℃保温1h热处理,非晶与混晶镀层由于少量析出物Ni3P的出现使得硬度增大,而纳米晶镀层由于发生了弛豫使得镀层硬度降低.400℃保温1h热处理时,试样均发生了晶化,析出弥撒的Ni3P金属间化合物以及Ni相,纳米晶镀层的Ni相峰值强度增大最多,而非晶镀层所对应的Ni相峰值强度增大较少.然而,经400℃保温1h热处理后,非晶镀层硬度增大最多,这归因于非晶镀层析出的Ni3P金属间化合物数量多于混晶以及纳米晶镀层.     

回火温度对Ni-P-SiC复合刷镀层组织及晶化的影响

为了改善Ni-P-SiC复合镀层的性能,采用电刷镀技术制备了复合镀层.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术研究了回火温度对Ni-P-SiC复合镀层组织结构的影响.结果表明:随着回火温度的升高,复合镀层发生了由非晶态向晶态的转变,晶化过程中会出现亚稳过渡相Ni12P5;加热至400℃时,晶化过程完成,亚稳相Ni12P5消失,复合镀层主要由Ni,Ni3P,SiC组成.     

Ni-P和Ni-Cu-P化学镀层对比研究

利用SEM、DSC、XRD、中性盐雾试验和显微硬度分析等手段,对Ni-10.54%P及Ni-9.25%Cu-10.23%P化学镀层的组织特征、相结构转变、热稳定性、耐蚀性和硬度进行了比较.结果表明:(1)两种镀层均匀致密,均为胞状结构和非晶态组织;(2)Ni-P镀层仅发生从非晶相向稳定的Ni3P相转变,而Ni-Cu-P镀层则先生成Ni-Cu固溶体和亚稳中间相Ni5P2,再向稳定相Ni3P转变;(3)Ni-Cu-P镀层的热稳定性高于Ni-P镀层;(4)镀态和低温热处理条件下两种镀层的硬度相差不大,Ni-P镀层经400 ℃、60 min热处理时硬度达到最高值981.1 HV,但Ni-Cu-P镀层经500 ℃、60 min热处理时硬度达到最高值1 144.8 HV;(5)镀态时Ni-Cu-P镀层的腐蚀速率只有Ni-P镀层腐蚀速率的2.85%;经过400 ℃、120 min相同条件的热处理,Ni-Cu-P镀层的腐蚀速率仅为Ni-P镀层腐蚀速率的0.351%.     

热处理非晶态Ni-P合金镀层的晶化过程

运用电沉积的方法在45钢基体上制备Ni-P合金镀层,使用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重法(TG)分析非晶态NiP合金镀层在20℃/min加热速率下的热效应和质量变化。在300℃和400℃分别对镀层进行0,15,30,45,60,75min的热处理,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计对镀层进行表征。结果表明:Ni-P合金镀层在加热过程中的放热峰出现在284.8℃处,镀层的质量和元素组成稳定;晶化过程经历了非晶态、亚稳态NiP和Ni5P2、稳定态Ni3P的转变;经过热处理后,镀层的显微硬度显著提高,最大值达1036.56HV,约为镀态的2倍;热处理态镀层的耐NaCl溶液腐蚀性能比镀态有所下降,但两者都比45钢基体好。     

非晶态Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的结构及性能研究

研究了化学镀Ni-Cu-P非晶态合金镀层的成分，结构、硬度及形貌等性能．研究结果表明：镀层中铜含量随着镀液中硫酸铜浓度的增加而提高，镍、磷含量随着镀液中硫酸铜浓度的增加而降低。由于铜具有优先析出的特征，导致合金镀层中Cu／Ni质量比远高于镀液中Cu^2＋／Ni^2＋质量比．在镀态下，Ni-Cu-P合金镀层为含铜、磷原子的镍基饱合固溶体．X-ray衍射表明：在镀态下及300℃以下热处理时，Ni-7．929％Cu-8．227％P（质量分数）合金镀层为非晶态结构，经400℃热处理后，开始有热力学平衡相Ni3P和Cu3P析出，合金镀层已转为晶态结构．Ni-7．929％Cu-8．227％P合金镀层的硬度随热处理温度的升高而增加，在400℃时，硬度达到最大值（845HV），热处理温度继续升高，合金镀层的硬度反而下降．     

热处理对化学沉积Ni-Fe-P合金磁性能的影响

采用差示扫描量热、X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究了化学沉积Ni-Fe-P合金的晶化行为和表面形貌.结果表明,镀态合金呈非晶结构,367.6℃下热处理出现亚稳态Ni5P2(P3)和Fe-Ni(Im3m),499.2℃下热处理进一步晶化为稳定的Ni3P(I-4)和FeNi3(Pm3m).镀层经过500℃热处理生成许多粒径为30～50nm的纳米颗粒,而经过600℃热处理后颗粒变大.研究了热处理对镀层显微硬度和磁性能的影响.发现该镀层在镀态时和经过200℃热处理后几乎没有磁性,随着退火处理温度的升高,镀层的显微硬度和磁性能不断提高;500℃达到最高,随后这些性能随着退火温度的升高而降低.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。