欧盟制修订部分食品中多环芳烃的最大残留限量

正2020年9月9日,欧盟发布(EU) 2020/1255文件,修订传统烟熏肉和烟熏肉制品以及传统烟熏鱼和烟熏渔业产品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的最大残留限量,并确定用于制备饮料的植物源性食品粉中的多环芳烃的最大残留限量。     

食品中痕量多环芳烃检测技术的研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是造成食品污染的痕量危害物质, 精确和快速的检测食品中的痕量多环芳烃, 是食品安全重要的技术保障。本文概括了易受PAHs污染的食品类型, 综述了食品中PAHs的主要检测技术及其的研究进展。检测技术主要包括色谱检测、光谱检测和免疫学检测方法, 其中色谱检测高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)和气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, GC-MS)是食品中PAHs的主流检测方法, 荧光光谱法、表面增强拉曼光谱法光谱检测和免疫学检测在食品PAHs检测中也已常见, 免疫学检测法基于其快速和现场性特点, 显示出极强的应用前景潜力。并对未来的研究趋势进行展望。     

食品中多环芳烃的提取、纯化、以及检测方法的研究进展

对食品中多环芳烃(PAHs)的提取、纯化机理和检测方法进行了概述,侧重介绍了样品提取、纯化和分离过程中影响PAHs回收率的各种因素。     

气质联用法测定纺织品中多环芳烃(PAHs)

建立了超声提取气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)测定纺织品中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分析方法,研究了提取溶剂、提取时间和温度对提取效率的影响,确定最佳提取条件。该方法应用于纺织品中PAHs的检测,16种PAHs的线性范围为0.05～4.0mg/L,方法检出限在0.012～0.094mg/kg内,加标回收率为68.7%～107.3%,相对标准偏差为0.58%～11.9%。方法简便可靠,能够达到纺织品中16种多环芳烃的检测要求。     

卷烟主流烟气中多环芳烃的提取、纯化及检测方法综述

简要介绍了国内外卷烟主流烟气中多环芳烃 (PAHs)的提取、纯化机理和检测方法 ,比较了这些方法的优缺点 ,并指出了提取、纯化和分离过程中影响PAHs回收率的各种因素。     

食用油中多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是指2个或2个以上苯环以稠环形式相连的一类化合物,具有基因毒性和致癌性.对食用油中PAHs的来源、检测方法及控制和脱除方法进行了详尽的阐述,并指出PAHs前处理方法和控制、脱除方法是未来的研究方向.     

恒能量同步荧光法测定食品中的多环芳烃

建立了食品中多环芳烃的恒能量同步荧光谱测定方法。样品经环己烷超声波提取,硅胶过柱。优化了六种多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物的测定条件。六种样品(PAHs)回收率范围为77.48%～101.76%;相对标准偏差为0.97%～2.19%。结果表明,此方法具有灵敏度高,准确度好,能同时分离测定六种多环芳烃化合物的优点,适合于食品中多环芳烃化合物的分析测定。     

食用油中多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在的食品污染物,是国内外公认的高毒性物质。部分PAHs具有致癌性和遗传毒性,没有致癌性的PAHs也可能作为促癌剂。食用油由于其亲脂性更易遭受PAHs的污染,含有PAHs的油脂将加剧其在肠道中的吸收,从而严重威胁人类健康。综述了食用油中PAHs的来源途径、控制措施、前处理技术和检测方法,旨在为解决其污染问题提供参考。     

电化学传感技术在羟基多环芳烃检测中的应用

羟基多环芳烃(hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,OH-PAHs)是多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)在人体和动物体内代谢生成的一类羟基化合物。通常采用尿液中OH-PAHs作为生物标志物来综合评价人体对多环芳烃的内暴露情况。常见的OH-PAHs分析方法主要有色谱法、同步荧光光谱法、毛细管电泳法以及酶联免疫分析法等。近来,OH-PAHs分析的目光开始转向电分析化学技术。本文介绍OH-PAHs检测的意义以及电化学传感技术在OH-PAHs检测中的应用,重点论述PAHs生物标志物、富集传感条件的选择以及对同步检测多种OH-PAHs可能性的探究,并对此种检测方法的发展趋势进行展望。     

植物油中多环芳烃分析方法研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在的环境和食品污染物,部分PAHs具有致癌性、基因毒性或促癌作用。由于PAHs的亲脂性,植物油在生产、加工和运输过程中易被PAHs污染,国内外关于植物油中PAHs的安全限值和分析标准根据现有的证据进行不断更新和修改。综述了植物油中PAHs的前处理方法和分离检测方法,评价各种方法的优缺点,并展望了今后PAHs分析方法的发展方向。     

熏烤肉制品加工过程中多环芳烃来源及抑制研究进展

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）是指含有2 个或2 个以上苯环的一类具有致突变、致癌和致畸作用的有害物质。肉制品热加工过程中,特别是熏烤过程中易产生PAHs等有害物质,影响广大消费者的食用安全与健康。因此,研究PAHs的来源及控制策略具有重要意义。本文综述熏烤肉制品加工过程中PAHs可能的来源、生成途径与控制手段,重点总结PAHs产生的关键影响因素和相应的控制措施,以期为抑制热加工过程中PAHs的生成提供理论参考。     

江苏地区熏烧烤肉制品质量分析

目的了解熏烧烤肉制品质量状况。方法对江苏省13市418批次熏烧烤肉制品进行抽检,采用最新食品安全国家标准进行检测,并对检测数据进行分析。结果苯甲酸及其钠盐2批次不合格,苯并[a]芘1批次不合格,4种多环芳烃之和[苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽以及1,2-苯并菲总量,简写为PAH4]项目有3批次超过欧盟限量;360批次样品检出多环芳烃,检出率86.1%,分子量相对较低的轻质多环芳烃平均检出率是重质多环芳烃平均检出率的3.2倍;229批次肉制品进行了肉源性成分鉴定,发现21批次与声称成分不符,不符合率为9.2%。结论本次熏烧烤肉制品主要不合格项目为超范围使用食品添加剂、苯并[a]芘超标,PAH4超过欧盟限量标准;由肉种成分分析结果可以看出,存在以低价原料冒充高价原料的情况。     

分散固相萃取-超低温液液微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定烟熏及烧烤肉制品中16种欧盟优控多环芳烃

建立了分散固相萃取-超低温液液微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定烟熏及烧烤肉制品中16种欧盟优控多环芳烃的分析方法。样品用乙腈提取、上清液经分散固相萃取净化后在-80℃条件下采用甲苯液液微萃取浓缩,选用DB-EUPAH色谱柱(20 m×0.18 mm×0.14μm)分离,最后经质谱检测定量。结果表明,16种欧盟多环芳烃在5~500μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,对烟熏和烧烤的肉制品进行3个不同浓度的加标实验,平均回收率为75.2%~114.2%,RSD为1.84%~7.57%(n=6),检出限(S/N=3)为0.1~0.5μg/kg。应用该方法对40批次市售腊肉制品和烤肉制品中多环芳烃进行了检测,发现部分腊肉制品和烤肉制品中多环芳烃含量超过相关标准和法规的限量要求。该检测方法成本低,灵敏可靠,同时符合国家标准和欧盟法规对烟熏及烧烤肉制品中多环芳烃的限量检测要求。     

Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and risk assessment for fish and meat products in Korea

Contents and human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish and meat products in Korea were analyzed. Liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection were used. The average concentrations of total PAHs were 0.21 μg/kg for fish and shellfish, 1.97 μg/kg for meat, and 0.32 μg/kg for smoked products. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) content was <5 μg/kg and contents of 4 PAHs (benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and BaP) were lower than 30 μg/kg, which is the maximum tolerable limit. PAHs values were changed to BaP to conduct exposure assessments and risk characterization. Dietary exposure was 0.011-0.544 ng-TEQ_BaP/kg/day. The margin of exposure for all population groups assessed at the mean and 95^th percentile was 13,757–9,090,909, of low concern. PAHs were detected in fish and shellfish, meat, and smoked products, but their contribution to human PAH exposure was small.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in meat products and estimated PAH intake by children and the general population in Estonia

The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and 11 other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed from 322 commercial, cured meat products and 14 home-grilled meat samples as part of the Estonian food safety monitoring programme during 2001-2005. The maximum acceptable concentration of 5 µg kg^-1 for benzo[a]pyrene was exceeded in 3.4% of samples. The highest PAH concentrations were detected in home-grilled pork samples. Using of disposable grilling unit resulted in 1.6 times higher PAH concentrations compared to the traditional wood-burning grill. The average intake of benzo[a]pyrene and sum of 12 PAHs from meat products was estimated for children (age 1-16 years) on the basis of an individual food consumption questionnaire and, for the general population, based on national food consumption data. The highest total PAH concentrations detected were 16 µg kg^-1 in smoked meat and ham, 19 µg kg^-1 in smoked sausage and 6.5 µg kg^-1 in smoked chicken samples. Since smoking and grilling are prevalent meat-cooking methods in Estonia, the impact of meat products is assessed to be significant in overall PAH intake.     

烟熏肉制品中甲醛含量的测定

为测定烟熏肉制品中的甲醛含量,比较室温浸泡法和水蒸气蒸馏法预处理方法,并对不同产地和种类烟熏腊肉中的甲醛含量进行测定。结果表明,综合考虑加标回收率、相对标准偏差以及方法检出限,采用水蒸气蒸馏预处理方法要优于采用室温浸泡法。而对烟熏肉制品甲醛含量的测定结果表明,传统烟熏肉制品中甲醛含量较高,其中表层的甲醛含量21～124mg/kg,内部的甲醛含量8～22mg/kg。     

Optimisation of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in smoked meat

A rapid extraction method involving microwave assisted extraction (MAE), followed by sample clean-up on a silica cartridge, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and spectrofluorimetric detection, was optimised for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in smoked meat. Compared to solvent extraction assisted by sonication, MAE, carried out with n-hexane on 2g of lyophilised sample at 115°C for 15min, allowed to obtain better extraction efficiencies. Limits of quantification (LOQ, s/n=10) lower than 0.2μg/kg wet weight were found for all PAHs, except for Fl (0.3μg/kg), P (0.6μg/kg) and IP (0.4μg/kg). The optimised procedure, that presented good analytical performances (with recoveries ranging from 77% to 103%, and precision within 10% for most of the PAHs), was applied to determine PAH content in different smoked meat products from the Italian market.     

烟熏肉制品的危害及控制

烟熏肉制品受到国内外人们的广泛喜爱。传统烟熏方法存在着一定的缺陷,产品容易受到多环芳香类化合物及甲醛的污染。本文综述传统烟熏方法的缺陷,并提出了解决措施:抑制多环芳香类化合物或采用液熏技术,前者存在一定的局限性,不能解决甲醛污染问题;后者在保留传统烟熏肉制品风味的同时更加安全健康,是值得提倡和推广的一种技术。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different types of smoked meat products from Serbia

The contents of the16 EU priority PAHs in six different meat products from Serbia (beef ham, pork ham, bacon without skin, bacon with skin, cajna sausage and sremska sausage) were examined during the process of smoking. All these meat products from meat industry Zlatiborac, Mačkat, Serbia presented in this study, have not previously been analysed concerning to their contents of PAH compounds. Determination and quantification of PAHs in meat products were performed by a Fast GC/HRMS method. The maximum level for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) of 5 μg/kg in smoked meat products was not exceeded in any samples. BaP comprises in general 4.6% of the total sum of the 16 EU priority PAHs and 15.2% of the total sum of the 12 IARC PAH compounds. The suitability of BaP as a marker both for 16 EU priority PAHs and 12 IARC probably and possibly carcinogenic PAHs was checked by applying correlation analysis.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food samples collected in Barcelona, Spain

This study reports on the concentrations of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food samples collected in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) from 2003 to 2004. Food samples included meat products, fish (fresh and smoked), other seafood (cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalves), vegetable oil, and tea. Concentrations of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[alpha]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PAHs were detected in most tea samples (94%), which had the highest concentration of total PAHs (mean concentration of 59 microg/kg). Other food groups with a high presence of PAHs were bivalves (present in 34% of the samples; mean value of 2.7 microg/kg) and meat products (present in 13% of the samples; mean value of 1.7 microg/kg). The PAHs detected most frequently were benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. No sample had levels above current regulation standards. Nevertheless, the frequent presence of PAHs in bivalves, tea samples, and meat products, together with the fact that dietary sources are the main exposure to these carcinogenic compounds, suggests the need for some monitoring scheme to follow up on these trends.