薄板坯连铸凝固状态分析与结晶器长度设计

推导了薄板坯连铸过程中钢液在结晶器内的凝固传热有限元方程,开发了钢液凝固状态及温度场分布的模拟分析软件,探讨了拉坯速度及结晶器长度对结晶器出口坯壳厚度的影响。     

铸铁水平连铸中圆坯凝固过程的数值模拟

将铸铁水平连铸中圆坯凝固过程的整个传热系统作为模拟对象,采用自由热收缩模型计算铸坯与结晶器的界面传热系数,从非稳态传热的角度并按照柱坐标系中二维传热的方式进行铸坯凝固过程的数值模拟,在数值计算中,采用静、动坐标系相结合的方法,使铸坯传热的控制方程得以简化且便于耦合处理结晶器与铸坯的温度场计算,由此确立的模拟方法可用于模拟不同尺寸的圆坯在各种工艺条件下的凝固过程。     

热像图对结晶器传热的监控作用

钢液在结晶器内凝固成所需的断面形状和一定厚度的初生坯壳,所以结晶器的传热是连铸冷却凝固过程中最重要的环节。自从薄板坯连铸工艺蓬勃兴起后,高拉速的技术特点决定了生产时结晶器内更需要稳定的传热状态,所以对结晶器传热进行及时有效的监控就显得非常必要通过结晶器漏钢预报系统(MBDS)来监控结晶器内的传热就是一个很有效的措施,它能反映出各个因素影响下结晶器传热的变化。     

连续铸锭板坯凝固传热数学模型

本文介绍了连续铸锭凝固传热数学模型。从热平衡观点出发,导出了考虑小单元体内部和相邻小单元体之间热平衡的差分方程。并应用于连铸板坯结晶器凝固过程的模拟计算。讨论了操作工艺条件(如拉速、浇注温度、钢液流动、结晶器长度等)对结晶器内钢液凝固过程的影响。     

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLIDIFICATION OF CONTINUOUSLY CAST SLABS

本文介绍了连续铸锭凝固传热数学模型。从热平衡观点出发,导出了考虑小单元体内部和相邻小单元体之间热平衡的差分方程。并应用于连铸板坯结晶器凝固过程的模拟计算。讨论了操作工艺条件(如拉速、浇注温度、钢液流动、结晶器长度等)对结晶器内钢液凝固过程的影响。     

结晶器内连铸小方坯凝固过程及应力分布的有限元数值模拟

建立了结晶器内连铸坯凝固传热及弹塑性应力分析有限元数学模型,模型中引入与气隙相关的传热边界条件修正平均热流量方程考虑了材料力学性能,屈服函数随温度和应变速率的变化,研究了角度气隙对坯壳凝固行为和力学行为的影响。     

连铸结晶器内板坯传热凝固行为建模和模拟

对1510 mm×250 mm板坯在连铸结晶器内的传热行为进行了建模和计算,利用结晶器、保护渣和凝固坯壳之间不同传热层的热流密度相等的假定,通过热力耦合模型进行板坯和结晶器温度分布的计算。传热模拟结果与某钢厂连铸结晶器现场生产数据和热电偶测温数据进行对比,验证了该模型计算结果的可靠性。当浇注速度设定为1 m/min时,在结晶器出口位置,板坯宽面中心的凝固坯壳厚度达到了18.7 mm。提高连铸拉速,结晶器出口处的凝固坯壳厚度降低。此外,基于传热模型计算获得的板坯温度变化曲线,利用相场模型,模拟对比了不同碳含量的两种成分材料Fe-0.04C-1.36Mn和Fe-0.14C-1.36Mn在凝固过程中的组织演变情况。在相同的冷却条件下,Fe-0.04C-1.36Mn形成的凝固坯壳更致密,树枝晶间未转变的液相体积分数低。可以认为Fe-0.04C-1.36Mn形成的凝固坯壳质量更好,更容易避免在结晶器中产生漏钢以及表面裂纹。     

宽断面板坯结晶器内钢水流动、传热和凝固过程的数值模拟

建立了求解宽断面板坯结晶器内的钢液流动、传热和凝固数学模型,研究了不同浸入式水口结构、铸坯宽度、铸坯厚度和拉速等工况条件下,宽断面板坯结晶器内的流动、传热和凝固行为。结果表明：随着铸坯的宽度从1 800 mm增加2 200 mm时,从浸入式水口侧孔出来的射流在结晶器下部的影响范围更广;宽断面结晶器中的浸入式水口结构对不同铸坯断面和拉速下的流动和凝固行为产生较大的影响;在生产中需根据宽断面结晶器的流动及传热特点进行水口结构及工艺参数的优化。     

圆坯连铸结晶器传热的反算法

基于圆坯连铸结晶器实测温度数据,建立了结晶器传热反问题数学模型,通过确定结晶器和铸坯之间局部热阻大小及其分布,计算出结晶器热流场和坯壳厚度,且分析了结晶器热流分布特征和铸坯凝固状态,并比较两者之间的关系．计算结果准确地反映了实际生产过程中沿结晶器周向非均匀传热特征,为将数值模拟技术应用于连铸凝固过程监控和“可视化结晶器”技术提供了可借鉴的实用方法.     

基于实测温度的结晶器瞬态传热反问题计算方法

基于结晶器监控系统实测瞬态温度,建立结晶器传热与铸坯凝固反问题计算模型,利用实测温度反算结晶器/铸坯热流密度,并在此基础上模拟分析结晶器温度分布及铸坯凝固进程。经大量实测瞬态数据的检验,证实了模型与计算方法的合理性。铸造过程中,结晶器/铸坯间的热流、温度与坯壳厚度分布均呈现出显著的非均匀性特点,在铸造方向上具有继承倾向。反问题模型能够反映结晶器内部传热的非均匀特征,及时体现工艺变化过程中传热/凝固的瞬态波动,为其应用于过程监控和工艺优化提供理论及模型基础。     

Derivation and application of time step model in solidification process simulation

The heat transfer during the casting solidification process includes the heat radiation of the high temperature casting and the mold, the heat convection between the casting and the mold, and the heat conduction inside the casting and from the casting to the mold. In this paper, a formula of time step in simulation of solidification is derived, considering the heat radiation, convection and conduction based on the conservation of energy. The different heat transfer conditions between the conventional sand casting and the permanent mold casting are taken into account in this formula. The characteristics of heat transfer in the interior and surface of the casting are also considered. The numerical experiments show that this formula can avoid computational dispersion, and improve the computational efficiency by about 20% in the simulation of solidification process.     

保护渣碱度对薄板坯结晶器平均热流量的影响

在钢的连铸过程中,钢水在结晶器内的凝固对铸坯的产量和质量均有很大影响,几乎所有的铸坯表面缺陷均形成于结晶器内。近年来,随着连铸拉速的增加及对铸坯表面质量要求的提高,有关结晶器冷却、传热对钢水的初始凝固及表面纵裂纹影响的研究成为连铸科学研究的重点。结晶器壁热流不均是纵裂纹产生的有利环境,保护渣控制传热为常用的措施。薄板坯浇铸时由于拉速高,为获得表面无缺陷铸坯,对保护渣控制传热的要求更高,同时也需协调保护渣的润滑功能。通过生产试验,研究比较3种碱度保护渣（CaO/SiO2分别为1.06、1.26和1.48）对薄板坯结晶器平均热流量的影响,发现与低碱度保护渣相比,使用高碱度保护渣时,结晶器热流量最低,有利于实现弱冷却,形成均匀凝固坯壳,在一定拉速条件下浇铸裂纹敏感钢种时有助于获得良好表面质量的铸坯。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON SOLIDIFICATION OF HORIZONTALLY CONTINUOUSLY CAST IRON BARS

The solidification process of a horizontally continuously cast gray iron bar of 4.6cm in diame-ter was modelled.The function describing the distribution of heat flux at the internal surfaceof graphite sleeve,which was equal to that on the surface of the iron bar,was inversely derivedusing numerical calculation from the temperature distribution in the sleeve measured in realproduction.By using the distribution of heat flux as a boundary condition on the surface of theiron bar,the numerical simulation on solidification of the iron bar taking longitudinal heatconduction into account was made.The profile of solidification front obtained from the numer-ical simulation was approximately coincident with that in real production.In addition,thequantitative relationships of the thickness of solidified shell at the exit of the mold to the maintechnological parameters,including the temperature of liquid iron at the entrance of the mold,the moving speed of the bar and the intensity of water cooling,were obtained from the numeri-cal simulation.     

Casting/mold thermal contact heat transfer during solidification of Al-Cu-Si alloy (LM 21) plates in thick and thin molds

Heat flow at the casting/mold interface was assessed and studied during solidification of Al-Cu-Si (LM 21) alloy in preheated cast iron molds of two different thicknesses, coated with graphite and alumina based dressings. The casting and the mold were instrumented with thermocouples connected to a computer controlled temperature data acquisition system. The thermal history at nodal locations in the mold and casting obtained during experimentation was used to estimate the heat flux by solving the one-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem. The cooling rate and solidification time were measured using the computer-aided cooling curve analysis data. The estimated heat flux transients showed a peak due to the formation of a stable solid shell, which has a higher thermal conductivity compared with the liquid metal in contact with the mold wall prior to the occurrence of the peak. The high values of heat flux transients obtained with thin molds were attributed to mold distortion due to thermal stresses. For thin molds, assumption of Newtonian heating yielded reliable interfacial heat transfer coefficients as compared with one-dimensional inverse modeling. The time of occurrence of peak heat flux increased with a decrease in the mold wall thickness and increase in the casting thickness.     

A coupled model on fluid flow,heat transfer and solidification in continuous casting mold

Fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification of steel in the mold are so complex but crucial, determining the surface quality of the continuous casting slab. In the current study, a 2D numerical model was established by Fluent software to simulate the fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification of the steel in the mold. The VOF model and k-ε model were applied to simulate the flow field of the three phases(steel, slag and air), and solidification model was used to simulate the solidification process. The phenomena at the meniscus were also explored through interfacial tension between the liquid steel and slag as well as the mold oscillation. The model included a 20 mm thick mold to clarify the heat transfer and the temperature distribution of the mold. The simulation results show that the liquid steel flows as upper backflow and lower backflow in the mold, and that a small circulation forms at the meniscus. The liquid slag flows away from the corner at the meniscus or infiltrates into the gap between the mold and the shell with the mold oscillating at the negative strip stage or at the positive strip stage. The simulated pitch and the depth of oscillation marks approximate to the theoretical pitch and measured depth on the slab.     

Heat transfer and solidification microstructure evolution of continuously cast steel by non-steady physical simulation

The heat transfer and solidification microstructure evolution during continuous casting were experimentally studied in this work. A new approach to physically simulate the steel solidification behavior during continuous casting was developed. Six steel grades with different solidification mode were introduced to elucidate the carbon equivalent dependent mold heat flux, prior austenite grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing. It is found that the non-steady mold heat fluxes in the experiment against time for all steel grades are comparative to that versus distance in practical continuous casting. Due to the occurrence of L→L+δ→δ+γ→γ transformation with the largest amount of volume contraction in hypo-peritectic steel, it shows the lowest mold heat flux among these six steel grades. It is also demonstrated from the solidification microstructure results that the prior austenite grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing in the physical simulation are in good agreement with those in continuously cast strand. In addition, the steel with a higher temperature for the onset of δ→γ transformation reveals the larger prior austenite grains resulted from the higher grains growth rate in the post solidification process.     

宽厚板坯连铸结晶器渣道内热行为研究

根据宽厚板坯结晶器内初凝坯壳动态热收缩所确定的渣道宽度、保护渣的液-固状态及厚度分布、铸坯表面和铜板热面的温度分布,以及气隙厚度的动态变化等,建立了结晶器渣道热流计算模型,并在此基础上,通过将该模型嵌入至结合结晶器铜板分析的坯壳凝固过程二维瞬态热/力耦合有限元分析模型,研究分析了国内某钢厂实际宽厚板坯连铸工况下,结晶器内某碳钢凝固过程中结晶器渣道内气隙、保护渣厚度分布,以及热流变化的规律。     

充型过程流动及其对凝固进程影响的研究

建立了充型及凝固过程温度场和流场的耦合模型 ,研究了充型及凝固过程铸型内金属液速度场的变化情况 ,并进一步分析了三种不同条件对铸件凝固进程的影响。结果表明 :对于常规的中大型铸件 ,充型过程的流动对铸件的凝固进程的影响较小 ,可以忽略     

铝合金活塞铸件的温度场数值模拟研究

开发了三维温度场计算程序,模拟了活塞铸件在不同界面换热系数下的金属型凝固进程,说明界面换热系数对金属型凝固速度影响很大,可作为调节金属型凝固的控制因素。同时还对比说明了相对计算的意义。