三电平变频调速系统SVPWM和SHEPWM混合调制方法的研究

三电平中点钳位逆变器在高压大容量变频调速中得到了广泛的研究和应用。该文在三电平高压变频器中同时应用SVPWM和SHEPWM，即低频时采用异步SVPWM，高频时采用SHEPWM，避免了高频时SVPWM谐波特性变差和SHEPWM在低频时存储量大的缺点，充分发挥了二者的优点，使变频器在整个工作范围内都可以有效抑制低次谐波，得到较好的输出波形。混合调制的难点在于衔接问题，文中分析了影响二者之间平滑切换的原因并提出了具体的解决方法，保证了切换过程中电压和电流没有跳变。采用PSIM软件对三电平SVPWM和SHEPWM进行了仿真研究，并在实际三电平变频器控制平台上进行了实验。仿真和实验结果证实了该文的混合调制方法在低频和高频都有较好的谐波特性，二者间的平滑过渡保证了混合调制的实用性，并已用于实际三电平变频器之中。     

Pulsewidth-Modulated Z-Source Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter

This paper presents the careful integration of a newly proposed Z-source topological concept to the basic neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter topology for designing a three-level inverter with both voltage-buck and voltage-boost capabilities. The designed Z-source NPC inverter uses two unique X-shaped inductance-capacitance (LC) impedance networks that are connected between two isolated dc input power sources and its inverter circuitry for boosting its AC output voltage. Through the design of an appropriate pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) algorithm, the two impedance networks can be short-circuited sequentially (without shooting through the inverter full DC link) for implementing the ldquonearest-three-vectorrdquo modulation principle with minimized harmonic distortion and device commutations per half carrier cycle while performing voltage boosting. With only a slight modification to the inverter PWM algorithm and by short-circuiting the two impedance networks simultaneously, the designed NPC inverter, with no requirement for deadtime delay, can also be operated with a completely eliminated common-mode voltage. Implementation wise, a detailed vectorial analysis interestingly shows that the same generic set of carrier-based modulation expressions can be used for controlling the -source two-level inverter and NPC inverter with and without reduced common-mode switching. All findings presented in this paper have been confirmed in simulation and experimentally using an implemented laboratory prototype.     

Balancing Switching Losses in Three-phase,Five-level Pulse-width Modulation Switched Voltage Source Inverter Using Hybrid Modulation Techniques

This article proposes a new switching strategy for a three-phase, five-level switched voltage source inverter. The single-carrier, multi-level pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme is employed to generate gating signals for the power switches. The proposed modulation scheme is hybridized to enable the output voltage of the inverter configuration, inheriting the features of switching-loss reduction from fundamental PWM and good harmonic performance from multiple sinusoidal PWM. A sequential switching scheme is embedded with the already-employed hybrid modulation to overcome unequal switching losses and, therefore, differential heating among the power devices. Operational principles with switching functions are given. For an R-L load, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyses of the output voltage waveforms were carried out, and the corresponding total harmonic distortion value of 26.09% was obtained. To verify the performance of the proposed modulation scheme, simulations and experiments are conducted on a 1.2-kW rated prototype of the inverter; adequate results are presented.     

Programmed PWM techniques to eliminate harmonics: a criticalevaluation

Programmed pulsewidth modulators (PWMs) eliminating several lower-order harmonics generate high-quality output spectra, which in turn result in minimum current ripple and reduced torque pulsations, thereby satisfying several performance criteria and contributing to overall improved performance. Several programmed PWM switching patterns to eliminate harmonics in the output spectra of single-phase and three-phase inverters are possible. Each of these leads to a specific advantage in single- and three-phase inverters, depending on the application. First, the superiority of programmed PWM techniques over the conventional carrier-modulated PWMs is established. Next, a critical evaluation of the programmed PWM schemes on the basis of applications for single- and three-phase inverters is used to provide a framework and guidelines for the selection of the appropriate technique for each application area. Evaluation criteria include harmonic loss factor and total harmonic distortion factors defined at the input and output of the inverter terminals. Finally, a simple low-cost solution for obtaining the required PWM switching points is proposed. Selected results are verified experimentally     

Control of Hybrid Active Power Filter Based on Switching Function Coefficients

A pulse width modulation (PWM)-based control method for a three-level, four-wire neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter employed in a hybrid active power filter (HAPF) is proposed in this paper. The control method is based on switching function coefficients (SFCs) for harmonic compensation. An interior loop is also proposed for control and balancing of the DC-link voltages. In the proposed control system, one carrier signal is employed in the PWM unit in order to simplify its hardware as compared with traditional PWMs. Based on Fourier decomposition technique, mathematical analysis of the proposed control method is also presented. To decrease the NPC inverter rated power, passive power filters (PPFs) are designed to eliminate fifth and seventh order harmonic currents and to compensate source reactive currents. The proposed control system is implemented by a digital signal processing (DSP) in a laboratory prototype. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the proposed control method in compensation of harmonic currents under non-linear conditions     

中点箝位型三电平逆变器空间矢量与虚拟空间矢量的混合调制方法

中点电压偏移是中点箝位型(neutral point clamped,NPC)多电平逆变器的主要缺点。空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector pulse-width modulation,SVPWM)由于算法本身的缺陷,在调制度较高且功率因数较低时,电容电压出现低频波动。虚拟空间矢量调制(virtual SVPWM, VSVPWM)方法能够在全范围内处理中点电压偏移问题,但存在开关次数较多,谐波特性较差的缺点。该文建立含电容电压的NPC三电平逆变器的PWM模型,讨论SVPWM和VSVPWM的约束条件。在特定的区域采用SVPWM,其他区域采用VSVPWM,给出了这2种调制策略的切换条件。实验结果表明,混合调制方法(hybrid PWM,HPWM)较之以前的解决方案能够更好的平衡电容电压,并且也能够有效的降低开关次数和提高逆变器输出的谐波特性。     

复合型电流质量调节装置的研究

提出了一种级联型复合电流质量调节装置主电路拓扑,与传统拓扑相对比,采用了双PWM变换技术.PWM整流器为装置提供了稳定的直流电压,实现输入功率因数近似为1,同时实现了直流电压与输出电流的解耦控制.逆变侧采用谐波与无功统一补偿的控制策略,并采用输出电流直接PI闭环反馈控制,保证良好的电流跟踪效果.最后设计了一套基于DSP+FPGA控制的低压实验原理样机,验证了所提出的主电路拓扑及控制策略的可行性和有效性.     

级联多电平逆变器的工作原理分析

以每相两功率单元串联为例,介绍了级联多电平逆变器的拓扑结构和相位移载波SPWM调制策略,阐述了该多单元级联逆变器在SPWM调制方法下的工作原理,从理论上分析了逆变器开关切换、输出电压、电流流向以及共模电压的情况,说明了相位移载波SPWM调制方法应用在级联多电平逆变器上的可行性、可靠性和控制的简易性,为实现调制方法的优化和拓扑结构的改进提供了理论基础。     

一种多输入端口的多电平高频逆变器

提出一种新型的可实现多端口输入的多电平高频逆变器。该逆变器由交错并联Buck-Boost全桥单元级联而成,通过简单的脉宽调制(PWM)即可实现多电平输出,其输出频率与开关频率一致,可应用于高频交流配电系统。此外该逆变器具备多端口输入的特性,因此适用于具备储能环节的风能、太阳能等新能源发电系统。首先介绍了逆变器的调制方式与工作原理,在此基础上采用时域分析与傅里叶分析对其输入纹波特性以及输出谐波特性进行深入地研究。最后建立了实验样机,实验结果与仿真分析一致,验证了所提方法的可行性。     

有源逆变器的改进非对称脉宽调制策略

为了降低大功率有源逆变系统中器件的等效开关频率,减少开关损耗,同时抑制直流侧电压波动时逆变器输出电压包含的寄生谐波,采用基于特定谐波消去法(SHEPWM)的非对称脉宽调制策略(optimal partly unsym-metrical switching angle,OPUS)和改进开关函数法,实现了逆变器的低频化和抑制寄生谐波。研究结果表明,在直流侧电压产生幅值为直流电压15%的2倍频波动时,改进的OPUS控制策略消除了输出线电压中的3、7次非受控谐波,并使得受控的基波和5次谐波电压的幅值和相位达到设定值。该仿真结果证明了结合改进开关函数法的OPUS能够应用在大功率有源逆变系统中,并且能够改善逆变器在直流侧电压小幅波动情况下的输出电压性能。     

基于IMC多机传动系统的控制策略研究

针对传统交直交变换器多机传动系统中间直流环节存在大电感或大电容而使其体积大,笨重等的问题,采用了一种新颖的基于间接矩阵变换器IMC的多机传动系统电路拓扑。其结构紧凑,体积小,重量轻;整流级采用两段式PWM调制策略,可获得单位功率因数的正弦输入电流,多个逆变级均采用空间矢量调制,实现各个逆变级的独立控制,获得不同频率和幅值的正弦电压。在这种调制策略的基础上,分析了零矢量重叠PWM分布方式对输入输出性能的影响,它可以实现整流级电路的零电流换流,减少了逆变级的开关次数,极大地降低了开关损耗,提高了变换器的效率。仿真结果表明:采用零矢量重叠的调制策略可以减少输出电压电流的谐波含量,能够有效改善传动系统的动态和稳态性能。     

光伏电站多逆变器并网系统输出谐波研究

针对多台逆变器并联在同一公共连接点接入电网引起的谐波问题进行了研究。建立了多逆变器光伏并网系统的单台和多台逆变器小信号等效模型。推导出逆变器、PWM开关谐波源和电网的等效阻抗传递函数,通过Bode图分析逆变器、PWM开关谐波源的等效输出阻抗幅频特性和相频特性。应用Matlab/Simulink对35 kV光伏电站多逆变器并网系统在不同工况下进行谐波分析。仿真结果表明:并网逆变器台数越多,PCC处电流谐波畸变率越大,但主要为低次谐波,高次谐波含量较少,验证了建立的小信号模型的有效性。     

计及IGBT暂态特性的PWM逆变电路输出电压谐波分析

PWM逆变器以结构简单、控制灵活等优点广泛地应用于电力系统之中,但其IGBT暂态特性易受结温影响,导致PWM逆变电路输出电压易受温度影响而产生畸变。针对上述问题,文中首先确定IGBT暂态特性与结温关系;通过贝塞尔函数推导出IGBT开关延迟时间与PWM逆变电路输出电压谐波的数学关系;最后在Matlab/Simulink环境下搭建计及IGBT暂态特性的PWM逆变电路模型进行仿真。理论分析与仿真结果表明,IGBT开关延迟时间呈正温度系数关系;在计及IGBT开关延迟的情况下,PWM逆变电路输出电压新增直流与高次谐波成份,谐波总含量增大,电压总畸变率升高。     

谐波分量对异步电机性能的影响及抑制方法

晶闸管逆变器作为异步电动机的供电电源时,输出的电压和电流中含有丰富的谐波,对异步电机的运行性能会产生显著影响,主要表现在功率损耗增加、效率和功率因数下降等,传统脉宽调制(PWM)方法虽然可以消除低次谐波的影响,但整体效果不理想。通过谐波对定子及其他电机参数影响的具体分析,提出了以电机总损耗最小为目标函数,并根据各种损耗系数随频率变化情况与逆变器晶闸管开关元件切换次数的关系,确定载波比,对传统PWM进行优化策略设计方案。试验结果表明,优化后的方案可有效抑制谐波影响。     

A novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter with a series active filter

High‐power utility interactive inverters used for large‐capacity energy storage systems are composed of multiple connected inverters, in order to realize high efficiency and high performance of the harmonic elimination characteristic simultaneously. Some disadvantages of multiple connected inverters, such as harmonic current flowing from an inverter unit to the other one, and increase of the number of inverter units, cannot be overcome easily. This paper presents a novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter, which is composed of a large power with low‐switching‐frequency PWM inverter (high‐power PWM inverter), an LC passive filter, and a series active filter (series AF). Because harmonic components contained in the utility line current are absorbed by the series AF, the switching frequency of the PWM inverter can be selected to about 1 kHz. In addition because the power capacity and the output voltage of the series AF can be suppressed lower than 10% of the power capacity and the output voltage of PWM inverter, low‐voltage and high‐speed power devices can be applied to the series AF. Consequently, high power, high efficiency, and high harmonics elimination performance can be realized without increasing the number of inverter units. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 57–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10048     

Active power filters using resonant pole inverters

The use of a new soft switching inverter topology, the resonant pole inverter (RPI), for harmonic compensator realization, is proposed. Using resonant transitions to minimize switching losses, the topology is suitable for use with GTOs and other gate turn-off devices. Switching frequencies on the order of 10-20 kHz at multikilowatt power levels are feasible. A current-mode modulation strategy is proposed and is seen to realize good spectral characteristics. Extensive simulation and experimental results of a 10 kVA GTO resonant pole inverter switching between 10 and 20 kHz confirm the validity of the approach     

光伏并网逆变器模型预测电流控制研究

在αβ两相静止坐标下建立逆变器输出电流的预测模型,通过评估函数对逆变器输出的不同电压矢量进行最优选择,预测函数计算出下一时刻可能的输出值。当评估函数取值最小时,对应的电压矢量为最优,采用此时的开关状态对逆变器进行控制,实现并网电流快速跟踪参考电流。该控制方法无需脉冲宽度调制信号,通过单次坐标变换,避免了复杂的运算过程,降低了控制偏差。仿真结果表明当参考电流动态变化时,模型预测电流控制能快速跟踪参考电流变化。当光伏电池的光照强度变化时,模型预测电流控制能快速追踪光伏电池最大输出功率点,且逆变器输出电流谐波畸变低。通过对比传统空间矢量脉宽调制控制下的输出波形,验证了模型预测电流控制策略的有效性。     

SIMPLE STRUCTURE MULTILEVEL INVERTER USEFUL FOR AC MOTOR DRIVES

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a new simplified configuration for a multilevel PWM inverter and its control strategy is proposed. The proposed configuration consists of an auxiliary circuit with four switching devices, and a single full-bridge inverter. For medium power applications, the new circuit design, in which the number of switching devices is reduced, offers characteristics similar to conventional NPC inverters. The control method is based on closed loop regulation of the instantaneous line-to-line output voltages. The proposed scheme is simple, has fast response, and is effective for reducing the size of the DC-link capacitors. The performance of the system is verified by computer simulation and by practical experience     

一种新型电压型逆变器拓扑结构及其PWM控制方法

多电平逆变器具有功率容量大、输出谐波小、传输损耗低等优点而得到越来越广泛的应用.其主要缺点是电路结构复杂、需要大量的功率元件、控制方法复杂.在传统H桥级联型逆变器基础上,提出了一种新型逆变器拓扑结构.通过采用辅助双向开关,在提高输出电压电平数的同时大量减少功率开关元件的数量,简化了电路结构.并根据新型逆变器拓扑结构的特点,提出了一种阶梯波PWM控制方法,采用特定谐波消除法(SHE-PWM)对逆变器输出电压的低次谐波进行抑制,同时进行了仿真.最后建立一套九电平电压型逆变器试验系统,对拓扑结构和PWM控制方法进行了验证.     

五开关H桥逆变器改进PWM控制方法的研究

针对传统级联五电平逆变器所需开关器件较多的问题,介绍了一种由1个辅助开关电路与H桥电路相结合的五开关H桥逆变器拓扑。根据该拓扑工作原理的特点,对其脉宽调制PWM策略进行了研究,提出了一种基于载波移相脉宽调制的改进型PWM控制方法。该方法依据两单元H桥级联,通过单极倍频CPSPWM方法得到五电平相电压的波形,并把该五电平电压波形作为五开关H桥逆变器的输出目标波形,再结合逆变器的4种工作模式来逆向推导出PWM脉冲信号。最后通过仿真和实验研究证明了该拓扑结构和控制方法的可行性与有效性。