深圳典型河流生态系统健康指标及评价

以深圳市的3条河流为实例,对河流生态系统健康理论和评价方法进行了研究。建立了以水化学和水生物指标为基础的河流生态系统健康评价指标体系,并确定评价指标的等级标准。提出了基于模糊概率的河流生态系统健康评价方法,以反映河流健康状况以及不同健康状况河段所占的比例。结果表明,深圳河流有70%以上河段处于亚病态和病态状态,仅有45%的河段达到健康水平,说明受到人类活动影响严重,河流生态系统严重退化。     

温榆河生态河流健康评价研究

针对传统的河道治理工程只侧重功利价值而导致生态环境遭到破坏的问题,以温榆河为例,研究生态河流健康评价指标体系的构建及评价方法.本文在综合国内外河流健康状况的评价方法及各项表征指标的基础上,构建基于多指标综合评价方法的河流健康状况评价的指标体系并确定了评价标准;设计河流健康评价指标重要度比较调查表确定了评价权重-根据隶属度的计算方法,确定定量指标的隶属度;设计定性指标等级评价表,邀请专家根据定性指标评价等级标准,对研究区域河流健康状况进行打分,采用百分制统计法统计专家意见计算定性指标的隶属度矩阵;建立河流健康评价的模糊综合评价模型,对温榆河河流健康状况进行了评价.评价结果,温榆河河流健康状况为亚健康,指出了温榆河生态健康的薄弱环节,有针对性地提出改进措施和建议,促进河流生态系统向良性方向发展.     

多元因子分析模型在河流健康评价中的应用——以苏子河水质特性研究为例

为顺应河流生态可持续发展,提出健康河流、生命河流等概念,维持河流生态系统健康已经成为流域综合管理的必然趋势。综合运用水文学、水力学、泥沙地貌学和水生生态学的基本理论和方法研究河流生态健康的表征因子,确定各因子的阈值,建立流域性水体水质可续发展评价体系。以河流可持续发展为基础,引用代表性的相关指标进行筛选,对流域水质指标进行数值化分析,以苏子河流域水质特性为研究对象,选取出评估河流健康状况的环境因子,客观反映出中小河流域健康状况,为河流的可持续管理和生态环境建设提供参考。     

河流系统健康体系及评价方法研究

考虑反映河流系统的动力状况、水质状况、河流地貌和生物指标状况、河流服务状况等4个方面，构建了河流系统健康体系。建立了基于模糊理论的河流健康状况多层次评价模型，给出了相应的评价指标、标准和权重。以海河三岔口河段为例，应用已建的河流系统健康状况模糊综合评价模型，对河流系统的健康状况进行了评价。结果表明，该评价体系能定量地从各层次分项指标和总体角度反映河流健康状况，可为河流管理和生态修复工程提供技术支持。     

永定河北京段生态系统健康评价及修复模式研究

针对永定河北京段生态系统存在的问题,分析河流健康与其主导功能间的响应关系,建立面向生态环境与社会经济服务功能的河流健康评价体系。采用层次分析法依次构建目标层、控制层、功能层与指标层,确定指标权重并计算河流生态系统健康综合指数,结合健康分级标准,最终确定永定河北京段的生态健康状况。计算结果表明:2015年永定河(三家店至卢沟桥段)处于基本健康状态,生态功能受损,建议优先采取水量补给措施,恢复河道生态基流,结合生境构建技术实现河流的综合修复与治理,对以永定河为代表的北方缺水型河流生态修复具有一定的参考意义。     

河流健康全指标体系的模糊数学评价方法

为评价河流生态系统的健康状态,构建了包括水文特性、水质特性、河流地貌特性、生物特性和社会经济特性5方面、含36项指标的全国河流健康评价全指标体系,并将每个指标的健康状况分为5个级别。文中提出了基于柯西分布的模糊评价模型,并对指标值处于不同健康状况级别的模型参数进行区分,可以更合理地评价不同级别的健康状况。     

考虑人类修复作用的河流健康评价

河流修复是人类保护河流健康的重要措施,其可以改善河流水文、生态等各方面特征属性,消除或减轻人类干扰,从而维持和促进河流健康发展。为了量化人类修复作用及其对河流健康的影响,以期为河流健康评价和河流修复提供新的理论和技术支持,本文将人类对于河流的修复作用概化为一项新评价指标,采用模糊集对分析方法对赣江南昌段河流有无人类修复作用下的健康状况进行对比评价。计算表明,虽然在有无人类修复作用下其健康状态评价结果都为"良",但考虑修复作用时河流健康评价值有一定提高,其健康水平更接近于"优"。     

嫩江下游尼尔基—三岔河口段河流健康评价

从水文水资源、物理结构、水质、生物和社会服务功能等5个准则层和14个指标层对2011年的嫩江下游尼尔基—三岔河口段河流健康状况进行评价。结果表明,受人类开发活动影响,嫩江下游河流健康评价指数赋分为59分,河流处于亚健康状态;农业开发、水利工程建设、过度捕捞等人类干扰是造成下游河流生境变化的主要因素。提出了水利工程生态调度、河岸带修复与管理、水质修复、栖息地修复、湿地生态系统恢复等河流健康管理措施。     

河流管理中引入河流健康状况评价的意义与思考

评价河流健康状况的方法主要有预测模型法和多指标评价法.河流健康状况评价不仅可以应用于对河流生态系统的整体状况进行综合评估,而且能够确定河流管理行为的有效性,提高河流综合管理能力,对我国正在开展的河流综合整治和管理工作具有重要意义.     

河流生态系统健康评价研究

基于水文学和生态学原理,对河流生态系统健康的概念进行了界定。同时,对河流生态系统健康的影响因子进行了分析,在此基础上,建立了河流生态系统健康评价指标体系及其评价方法,将评价结果分为优、中和差三个等级。并以华北地区河流———潮白河为例,对其生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明,潮白河2000年生态系统健康评价最终得分为0.52,即潮白河处于中等健康状态。     

河流生态健康评价研究——以潮白河为例

在综述分析前人研究成果的基础上,简要介绍了生态系统健康评价的基础理论,分析了河流生态系统健康的概念内涵和河流生态系统健康评价的基本方法.并以潮白河为研究案例,按照"病态、不健康、亚健康、健康、很健康"5级评价标准,对其进行了生态系统健康评价.结果表明,潮白河(1.473)处于不健康状态.     

我国河流健康评价指标体系研究进展

河流生态系统是人类赖以生存和发展的必要条件,但随着人类活动的加剧,水生态与水环境问题Et益显现,河流健康问题逐步受到广泛关注。本文对河流健康的内涵进行详细阐述．回顾了国内外河流健康评估指标体系研究发展状况,提出目前河流健康评估存在的不足,为今后其他河流生态系统健康评估提供理论依据。     

构建黄河健康生命的指标体系

从河流生命和河流健康的本质出发,通过分析黄河自身、人类和河流生态系统的生存需求,认为连续的河川径流、通畅安全的水沙通道、良好的水质、良性运行的河流生态和一定的供水能力是现阶段黄河健康生命的标志,提出用低限流量、平滩流量、湿地面积等9个指示性因子具体表达健康黄河的标志,并给出了这些因子在未来不同阶段的量化指标.     

基于盲数理论的河流健康评价

在介绍盲数理论的基础上,对河流健康评价中所选取的指标值进行盲数化处理,进而利用盲数运算法则和判别模式对各指标进行评价等级判定,得到各指标隶属于各评价等级的可能性。将该方法与传统的综合指数法相结合,构建基于盲数理论的河流健康评价模型,并将其应用于通榆河健康评价,从物理特征、环境特征、生态功能、服务功能等方面构建评价指标体系,识别河流健康状况。结果表明,通榆河的健康等级为“中”,主要问题为水质较差和生物多样性偏低。     

漳卫新河生态健康诊断与修复对策

为更好地治理漳卫新河,在深入分析自然因子和人类活动对漳卫新河河流生态系统演化影响的基础上,根据水利部河湖健康评估工作大纲建立了漳卫新河生态健康指标体系,并运用基于可拓学的河流生态健康诊断模型对漳卫新河生态健康状况进行了诊断。诊断结果显示,2010年漳卫新河处于疾病状态。根据漳卫新河的具体情况,提出做好漳卫新河的治理工作应从生态流量调度、水污染联合治理、水生物修复等方面来开展。     

Effects of dams in river networks on fish assemblages in non‐impoundment sections of rivers in Michigan and Wisconsin,USA

Regional assessment of cumulative impacts of dams on riverine fish assemblages provides resource managers essential information for dam operation, potential dam removal, river health assessment and overall ecosystem management. Such an assessment is challenging because characteristics of fish assemblages are not only affected by dams, but also influenced by natural variation and human‐induced modification (in addition to dams) in thermal and flow regimes, physicochemical habitats and biological assemblages. This study evaluated the impacts of dams on river fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin using multiple fish assemblage indicators and multiple approaches to distinguish the influences of dams from those of other natural and human‐induced factors. We found that environmental factors that influence fish assemblages in addition to dams should be incorporated when evaluating regional effects of dams on fish assemblages. Without considering such co‐influential factors, the evaluation is inadequate and potentially misleading. The role of dams alone in determining fish assemblages at a regional spatial scale is relatively small (explained less than 20% of variance) compared with the other environmental factors, such as river size, flow and thermal regimes and land uses jointly. However, our results do demonstrate that downstream and upstream dams can substantially modify fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers. After excluding river size and land‐use influences, our results clearly demonstrate that dams have significant impacts on fish biotic‐integrity and habitat‐and‐social‐preference indicators. The influences of the upstream dams, downstream dams, distance to dams, and dam density differ among the fish indicators, which have different implications for maintaining river biotic integrity, protecting biodiversity and managing fisheries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于尺度划分的滦河河流生态健康评价

为提高河流管理质量,在已有河流生态系统健康研究的基础上,提出了基于尺度划分的河流健康评价理论。以滦河为例,建立了其上游、中游和下游的评价指标体系,通过构建改进的模糊物元可拓模型对滦河河流生态健康进行了评价。结果表明:滦河上游、中游、下游均存在一定程度的不健康,滦河全河总体为轻度疾病状态,评价结果与实际相符。因此,本文方法具有合理性和有效性,可用于其他区域的河流生态健康评价。     

Concepts in river ecology: implications for indicator development

The present study aims to develop river ecosystem indicators, in particular for the River Rhine, on the basis of theoretical concepts describing natural rivers. The study includes river ecology concepts on zonation, stream hydraulics, river continuum, nutrient spiralling, serial discontinuity, flood pulse, riverine productivity and catchment hierarchy. The abiotic steering variables describing the hydrology, geomorphology and water quality, act as a template for ecosystem functioning. Functional processes are characterized by the flux of matter, which is affected by input, processing and retention of organic matter and nutrients. Spatial and temporal variation of input and retention of matter and the flow along the length of the river cause shifts in species distribution. These are reflected in gradients of macroinvertebrates and zonation of fish and benthic fauna, which form a dominant structural characteristic of the river ecosystem. Indicators proposed are retention of matter as an indicator for the functional characteristics and zonation of species as an indicator for the structural characteristics of the river ecosystem. Present river ecosystems are far from undisturbed. To allow efficient management of the river ecosystem, indicators and variables are required that reflect the cause–effect chain of human disturbance. River ecologists have developed a more spatially integrated and interdisciplinary view on rivers. Accordingly, the design, implementation and ecological assessment of monitoring programmes should reflect such an integrated spatial view. This means that a set of water quality, hydrological, geomorphological and ecological variables should be measured on a catchment scale, and that resulting data should be related to each other. Finally, this study presents some recommendations for monitoring, in particular for the Rhine monitoring programme. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations

Many river restoration projects are focusing on restoring environmental flow regimes to improve ecosystem health in rivers that have been developed for water supply, hydropower generation, flood control, navigation, and other purposes. In efforts to prevent future ecological damage, water supply planners in some parts of the world are beginning to address the water needs of river ecosystems proactively by reserving some portion of river flows for ecosystem support. These restorative and protective actions require development of scientifically credible estimates of environmental flow needs. This paper describes an adaptive, inter‐disciplinary, science‐based process for developing environmental flow recommendations. It has been designed for use in a variety of water management activities, including flow restoration projects, and can be tailored according to available time and resources for determining environmental flow needs. The five‐step process includes: (1) an orientation meeting; (2) a literature review and summary of existing knowledge about flow‐dependent biota and ecological processes of concern; (3) a workshop to develop ecological objectives and initial flow recommendations, and identify key information gaps; (4) implementation of the flow recommendations on a trial basis to test hypotheses and reduce uncertainties; and (5) monitoring system response and conducting further research as warranted. A range of recommended flows are developed for the low flows in each month, high flow pulses throughout the year, and floods with targeted inter‐annual frequencies. We describe an application of this process to the Savannah River, in which the resultant flow recommendations were incorporated into a comprehensive river basin planning process conducted by the Corps of Engineers, and used to initiate the adaptive management of Thurmond Dam. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流健康的内涵

河流健康不是严格意义上的科学概念,而是一种河流管理的评估工具.其作用是建立相对基准点和评估准则体系,对于在自然力与人类活动双重作用下的河流生态系统状况进行动态监测与评估,以研究其演进趋势并通过管理促其向良性方向发展.河流健康评估准则应体现开发与保护的平衡,应体现流域各个利益相关者的利益协调.河流污染是对我国河流健康的最大威胁,治污是我国现阶段河流生态环境建设的首要任务.