干式排渣技术在燃煤电厂中的应用

干式风冷排渣系统与传统的湿式水力排渣相比,具有很多突出的优点．使得这种系统在新电厂建设和老电厂的改造中得到广泛的应用。本文介绍了钢带式排渣机干式排渣技术的原理及特点,分析了该系统的冷却风风量风温等对锅炉效率的影响因素。并针对锅炉效率的提高,提出了相应的改进建议,为该系统的经济有效运行提供了一定的技术支持。     

基于渗滤液回流的干式厌氧发酵研究进展

基于渗滤液回流的干式厌氧发酵技术,为中国沼气事业的高速发展提供了可持续的废弃物处理方法。文章概述了基于渗滤液回流方式的干式厌氧发酵技术的研究进展,对于渗滤液回流的方式、阶段、比例和处理方式进行了比较,探讨了多种渗滤液回流干式发酵典型工艺及工程实例,并概述了干式厌氧发酵过程中优势菌群的特征及转变。研发适合处理我国城镇垃圾和有机农业废弃物的干式厌氧发酵工艺及成套化小型设备,开展基于渗滤液回流干发酵技术的试点工作,并在中央地方补贴等政策制定过程中统筹考虑。     

青藏铁路内燃机车采用干式冷却水系统的探讨

简要介绍了内燃机车干式冷却水系统的情况,并根据多年来的研究试验和在DF8CJ型交流传动货运机车上运用的实践,对青藏铁路内燃机车采用干式冷却水系统进行了探讨,其结果对提高青藏铁路内燃机车冷却水系统工作的经济性、可靠性具有一定的意义。     

火电厂大型机组除渣系统选择研究

本文介绍了大型电站锅炉常用的两种除渣系统--风冷干式除渣机系统和湿式刮板捞渣机除渣系统,进行了两种系统对锅炉煤质的适应性研究和对锅炉效率及燃烧稳定性的影响研究,并对两种系统进行了技术经济分析,最后提出了大型机组除渣系统的选择建议.     

回转窑式医疗废弃物焚烧处置系统开发与应用

概述了当前医疗废弃物处理的重要性及其常用的处置方法,介绍一种适用于医疗废弃物处置的回转窑式焚烧工艺.从回转窑焚烧炉的设备结构特点、整个处置系统的工艺流程特点及其排放指标的测试等三个方面详细阐述了回转窑式焚烧处置系统尤其适合医疗废物的处置,并有着广阔的应用前景.     

脱硫石灰石干式磨制系统应用

石灰石粉作为火电厂烟气脱硫装置必不可少的吸收剂,其品质是直接影响脱硫效率、石膏纯度和脱硫系统商业运行的最重要因素之一.石灰石干式磨制系统因投资少、无腐蚀,在烟气脱硫装置中得到越来越多的应用.文中介绍了江苏华电扬州发电有限公司石灰石干式磨制系统的运行情况,结合设备技术特点及问题进行分析,并对推进经济运行提出了控制措施,希望脱硫装置能为节能减排起到一定的作用.     

干式除渣系统对锅炉性能影响的研究

本文通过开展锅炉热力计算、现场试验和技术调研,研究了干式除渣系统对锅炉性能的影响。研究结果显示:该系统的漏风率对排烟温度影响明显,基本上漏风率每增加1%排烟温度升高2℃;未发现干式除渣系统有提升燃烧效率的作用;干式除渣系统漏风率过大时明显提升锅炉高温级受热面壁温和减温水量。本文所开展的测试和调研发现干式除渣系统漏风率基本上大于1%,导致锅炉效率降低,并未起到节煤的成效;建议在锅炉性能考核的效率计算时,针对干式除渣系统的漏风率进行专项修正。     

荷电干式吸收剂喷射脱硫系统

本文对荷电干式吸收剂喷射脱硫系统的工作原理、各单元的工作过程、应用时的技术条件与技术参数以及应用结果等进行了较详细的介绍,并与目前较流行的湿法、半干法脱硫技术在投资、脱硫效率、建设周期及占地面积等方面进行了比较,指出该系统是一种较为适合中国国情的先进的脱硫系统。     

石灰在旋风收尘器内对HCI气体的中高温净化

实验研究了带直管的旋风收尘器内石灰在450～770℃的中高温对HCI气体的净化效果．研究发现：消石灰自身煅烧反应对吸收效率有较大影响，石灰干式净化效率在650—670℃显示出峰值．烟气中的CO2促使石灰碳酸钙化，削弱了对HCI气体的吸收效果；但改性石灰与普通石灰相比，CO：分压的改变对效率影响较小．随着HCI气体质量浓度和烟气中钙氯当量比的提高，HCI的净化效率提高；但烟气中钙氯比超过4～6以后净化效率不再明显上升．采用带直管的旋风收尘器在合适温度下对HCI气体的净化效率在40％～50％．     

发动机电控系统自动优化标定的研究进展

随着发动机电控系统标定工作复杂程度的提高，为提高标定效率，自动优化标定技术日益受到重视。本文首先介绍了自动优化标定的基本原理，并对自动优化标定系统的结构及功能进行了阐述．然后对自动优化算法进行了分析，并介绍了一种典型的自动优化标定系统。     

HCl干式净化过程平衡浓度计算及其应用

利用固体产生生成的能耗分析，在传统的热力学平衡公式中加入入修正项，计算HCl气体在利用石灰类吸收剂对其进行干式净化过程的平衡浓度，首次提出气固反应过程中反应气全的平衡浓度随着固体反应率的增大而上升的概念，计算结果表明：吸收剂在达到一定的反应率以后，HCl的平衡浓度随温度的上升而下降。利用平衡浓度随反应率和温度的变化特征可以解释传统的热力学平衡式所不能解释的一些实验现象，并可以利用平衡浓度来预测利用钙基吸收剂干式净化焚烧炉排的HCl的净化效率和吸收剂用量。预测结果可以判断干式净化的使用范围，局限性和改进方向。     

Production and disposal of wastes from dry and wet flue-gas cleaning systems

The design of a flue-gas cleaning system for the removal of particulates and sulfur dioxide contaminants must take into account many factors for there to be successful operation and no secondary environmental impacts. One of the factors which must be taken into account is the production of wastes and the procedures to be put into place for proper disposal. For many years, Argonne has had a high-sulfur dry scrubbing system in operation as the means of emissions control from its largest coal-fired boiler. During this period thousands of tons of a dry powdery waste have been produced and landfilled without any adverse environmental effects. This paper reviews the theory of operation of a dry scrubbing system, and briefly details the performance of the Argonne system over several years. Among the performance details given are the results of an experimental program utilizing a high-sulfur (s>4.2%) coal, done in co-operation with the Consol Coal Company, and the findings from a study on the leachate, toxicity, and disposal of the dry wastes. The experimental programs, to date, have shown that a dry scrubbing system can technically and economically remove sulfur dioxide and particulates from flue gas produced from the combustion of high-sulfur coal. In addition, mixtures of dry scrubber wastes and fly ash have been subjected to the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity tests. The results of these tests indicate that while the ash composition of the coal will have a bearing upon test results, for the most part mixtures of this waste and coal fly ash can be declared non-hazardous.     

The kinetics of vaporization of a heavy metal from a fluidized waste by an inverse method

This study addresses the emission of heavy metals during the incineration of municipal solid waste. A global method was developed to determine the vaporization rate of the metal from the on-line analysis of exhaust gas. This method differs from direct models, which predict the time course of the metal concentration in the gas from the vaporization rate profile, but which are not practicable because this vaporization rate cannot be measured in real incinerators burning real wastes. The method is based on the determination of the global rate of release of heavy metal from the combustion of model wastes in a fluidized bed. It is an inverse method, which involves only the measured concentration of heavy metal in the exhaust gases and a model developed at the reactor scale. The thermal treatment of model wastes spiked with a metal was performed in a laboratory- scale fluidized bed. In fact, a solid matrix derived from real waste was dosed with Cd, Pb, or Zn and burned to simulate the metal’s release during the incineration of municipal solid waste. An on-line analysis system was linked to the gas outlet of the reactor, and the metal’s vaporization was tracked successfully by continuously measuring by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) the relative concentration of the metal in exhaust gases. On the theoretical front, a bubbling bed model was developed and validated to calculate the metal’s vaporization rate from its concentration-time profile in the outlet gas. The inverse method consists in identifying these vaporization rates at the particle level from only the on-line diagnostic results and using the model, whatever the waste considered. The data obtained may be used in any process, in which wastes are heated rapidly (several hundreds of degrees per second), as in fluidized beds.     

垅型倾斜往复炉排危险废物焚烧炉的设计

焚烧是一种被广泛应用的危险废物处理技术。针对我国危险废物产生状况,提出一种无害化危险废物成型焚烧技术。该技术能同时焚烧固体废物和废液,并对烟气、飞灰和炉渣进行后期处理,实现危险废物的无害化处理。焚烧炉采用垅型倾斜往复炉,炉膛温度低时可喷油助燃,并从炉膛出口抽取部分烟气干燥成型后的固体废物。详细介绍了危险废物成型焚烧系统工艺流程、焚烧炉结构和设计计算方法,并以典型废物为设计燃料,给出了1 500 kg/h焚烧炉的计算结果。     

Simulation of the influence of flue gas cleaning system on the energetic efficiency of a waste-to-energy plant

Municipal solid waste incinerators are designed to enhance the electrical efficiency obtained by the plant as much as possible. For this reason strong integration between the flue gas cleaning system and the heat recovery system is required. To provide higher electrical efficiencies acid gas neutralization process has the major importance in flue gas cleaning system. At least four technologies are usually applied for acid gas removal: dry neutralization with Ca(OH)₂ or with NaHCO₃, semi-dry neutralization with milk of lime and wet scrubbing. Nowadays, wet scrubbers are rarely used as a result of the large amount of liquid effluents produced; wet scrubbing technology is often applied as a final treatment after a dry neutralization. Operating conditions of the plant were simulated by using Aspen Plus in order to investigate the influences of four different technologies on the electrical efficiency of the plant. The results of the simulations did not show a great influence of the gas cleaning system on the net electrical efficiency, as the difference between the most advantageous technology (neutralization with NaHCO₃) and the worst one, is about 1%.     

Electro-stimulated biological production of hydrogen from municipal solid waste

Hydrogen production from municipal solid wastes was investigated by applying a weak current (0.06 A) to a slurry of municipal solid waste in an anaerobic reactor at 55 °C using 4 electrodes (carbon graphite for the cathode and platinum electroplated titanium for the anode). Current application to the organic waste stimulated the hydrogen producing bacteria especially bacteria related to the Thermotogales and Bacillus families. Measured hydrogen production rates were comprised between 16 and 41 mL/h. Comparison of bacterial and archaeal communities in methane-producing (control) and electro-stimulated reactors showed similar species but with different dynamics correlated to hydrogen or methane production. Energy efficiency of the overall bioelectrolysis process using municipal solid waste and an applied voltage of 3V was approximately 12.4%, which is relatively low compared to values reported in the literature for organic wastes and can be explained by the low organic carbon content and availability in the municipal solid waste. Results of this study highlight some important operational constraints with respect to electro-stimulated hydrogen production from organic wastes; related in particular to electrode lifetime expectancies. Results nevertheless illustrate the potential for hydrogen production from municipal solid waste as a possible route for energy recovery.     

上海城市生活垃圾循环利用分析研究

对上海城市生活垃圾清运量、组分、收集模式和处理处置的现状及其存在的问题进行了调查分析.并在此基础上，从源控制减量措施、分类清运模式、处理系统和树立循环经济管理理念等四个方面，分析研究了上海城市生活垃圾的循环利用，为今后进一步研究适合于上海的安全、科学和有效的多元化垃圾处理体系打下了基础。     

循环流化床煤与生活垃圾混烧过程中HCL的排放

在０．２ＭＷｔｈ循环流化床上进行垃圾与煤混烧实验．测量ＨＣｌ排放浓度,探讨城市生活垃圾掺烧比率和床层温度对ＨＣｌ排放浓度的影响．实验结果显示,在混烧过程中,随垃圾加入量的增加。ＨＣｌ排放量增加,温度对ＨＣｌ排放浓度的影响很小。垃圾中Ｃａ／（Ｓ＋０．５Ｃｌ）摩尔比对ＨＣｌ自脱除有影响．采用三相流态化垃圾净化系统时,ＨＣｌ在尾气净化系统中的脱除效率高于８０％。     

Cogeneration in a solid-wastes power-station: a case-study

Nowadays, natural gas is viewed as the solution to the problem of energy supply for Latin America, Europe and North America for the next few decades; Brazil is increasingly becoming dependent upon the Bolivian natural-gas supply — many industries and some entrepreneurs are deciding to construct industrial cogeneration systems and new thermal power-stations burning natural gas because of its low environmental impact and attractive price. However, natural gas is a finite resource: this will cause, in the future, an increase of its unit price. This paper details questions involved in the energy generation and presents solid-waste burning as a possible alternative fuel for the future, especially in the context of cogeneration practice in which the thermal and electric energy are used primarily for the industries located in an industrial district. Two cogeneration schemes are proposed for the burning of municipal solid wastes, associated or not with natural gas, and their technical and economic feasibilities are examined.     

流化床城市生活垃圾与煤混烧数学模型及其原理性验证

以流化床两相理论为基础 ,综合考虑了床内流动、颗粒扬析及磨损、颗粒在床内停留时间的随机分布、挥发分和焦炭的燃烧、各主要气体组分沿悬浮空间的浓度分布以及悬浮空间的温度分布 ,建立了流化床垃圾与煤混烧的数学模型。模拟计算结果与实验规律基本一致 ,说明本模型具有一定的参考价值