溶胶-硬脂酸封闭法对锌与铝阴极间结合力的影响

目的降低电锌与铝阴极间的结合力,提高剥锌效率,研究锌电积过程中锌成核以及结合力的变化情况。方法采用溶胶-硬脂酸封闭法对铝阴极表面进行处理,通过电子扫描显微镜观查铝阴极表面形貌及锌电积初期成核情况,采用万能试验机测试锌铝间结合力,同时结合电沉积实验考察封闭铝板对电流效率的影响。结果封闭铝板表面微孔被封闭,整体光滑平整。与普通铝板相比,其成核率较低,以晶核的长大为主。结合强度呈现出"中心高、四周低"的规律,且结合力随着电积次数的增加而增大。封闭铝板局部结合强度峰值自5.64 kg/cm~2增加到6.34 kg/cm~2,相较普通板结合强度降低了30%左右,在很大程度上降低了剥锌难度。封闭铝板电流效率的平稳性也优于普通铝板。结论采用溶胶-硬脂酸封闭法来降低铝阴极与锌间结合力,降低剥锌难度和提高脱锌效率,切实可行。     

阻流阴极铝电解槽流场数值模拟研究

运用商业流体计算软件ANSYS CFX,研究了阻流阴极铝电解槽熔体流场分布,分析了阻流阴极能够提高电解槽磁流体稳定性、降低极距的原因.数值模拟结果表明,阻流阴极电解槽铝液平均流速较传统电解槽降低了60%,电解质平均流速降低了40%;两相稳态界面向上隆起量和向下凹陷量之间的差值减小1cm,界面变形趋于平缓.     

Improvement of Bonding Strength of Horizontal Twin-Roll Cast Steel/Aluminum Clad Sheet by Electromagnetic Fields

Electromagnetic field is an available online method to increase bonding strength of clad sheet manufactured by horizontal twin-roll casting(HTRC). In this paper, an electric current pulse(ECP) and a complex field(static magnetic field(SMF) together with ECP) are exerted during HTRC of steel/aluminum clad sheet. The produced clad sheet has good appearance, and no visible defects exist at the bonding interface. The inter-diffusion zone at Fe/Al interface in ECP and SMF+ECP sheets is 3 and 4 lm, respectively, and the latter increases slightly compared with that in non-field sheet. The average peel strengths(APS) of ECP and SMF+ECP sheet are 14 and 21 N/mm, respectively, which increase by 2 and9 N/mm compared with 12 N/mm of non-field sheet. The APS increment in SMF+ECP sheet is resulted from the increment of interface bonding spots and the enhancement of inter-diffusion zone width.     

等离子喷涂铝电解可湿润TiB2阴极涂层研究进展

铝电解工业越来越多的采用石墨阴极,石墨阴极具有良好的导电性能,但石墨不被铝液湿润且和铝液形成Al4 C3,导致铝电解槽运行寿命短.可湿润TiB2涂层阴极因节能和延长槽寿命能够给铝电解工业带来显著效益.等离子喷涂是一种高效、灵活的沉积涂层的方法 ,能够在形状复杂或大表面积的基体上沉积金属间化合物、陶瓷或复合材料,涂层厚度可从数微米到数毫米.等离子喷涂制备可湿润性TiB2涂层阴极是可行有效的方法 ,本文评述了等离子喷涂制备可湿润TiB2阴极涂层的研究进展,简述了等离子喷涂工艺受到的影响因素(包括粉末性质、基体表面形貌和焰流性质)和涂层与基体材料结合的机制(包括机械结合、冶金结合和物理结合),分析和讨论了TiB2粉末制备、基体预处理、等离子喷涂工艺参数、涂层显微结构和性能等.最后,指出了等离子喷涂制备可湿润性TiB2涂层阴极工艺将来研究需要解决的几个关键问题.     

活性炭-CNT/PEG/硫复合材料的制备与储锂性能研究

通过密封加热熔融的方式制备了添加CNT的活性炭/硫锂离子电池正极活性材料,并对其进行PEG包覆复合改性,制备了C-CNT/S(PEG)正极复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD)图谱显示复合材料具有较强的非晶结构,且单质硫分散在碳材料的微孔之中。扫描电镜(SEM)显示CNT均匀分散在复合材料之中,并形成了三维导电结构。放电比容量测试显示CNT的加入提高了复合材料的放电比容量;PEG包覆的复合改性材料首次放电比容量高达1371.1 m Ah/g,循环50次后放电比容量为662.8 m Ah/g。说明添加CNT及PEG包覆复合改性,使活性炭/硫正极材料的电化学性能显著提高。     

纳米阴极材料电弧分散特性的理论分析

采用扫描电子显微镜观察了纳晶结构和粗晶结构的W-20%Cu和Cu的首击穿烧蚀形貌,指出纳晶电弧烧蚀痕迹分散,烧蚀比较轻微;常规材料烧蚀比较集中,且烧蚀比较严重。通过分析阴极材料的微观结构,建立了多晶材料电子所处势场结构模型,通过数值计算得出：晶粒越小,对应价电子子能带间能隙越大。分析认为,纳米晶结构的阴极材料电弧分散是由于较大的能隙阻碍了大量电子同时参与导电并迫使阴极斑点快速运动,从而避免大电流产生的焦耳热所导致的严重烧蚀。     

Tribological and mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube containing brake lining materials prepared through sol–gel catalyst dispersion and CVD process

Focus of this study has been placed on the influences of carbon nanotube (CNT) on the mechanical and tribological behavior of CNT containing brake lining materials. Different concentration of catalyst for growing CNT was dispersed into the commercial friction powder by sol–gel method before fed into the CVD process to fabricate the CNT friction powder. The CNT containing brake lining specimens were fabricated by hot pressing these homemade CNT containing friction powders.Experimental results indicate that the open porosity decreases and the bulk density of CNT containing brake lining specimens increases with the concentration of catalyst. Significant enhancement of specimen's hardness was obtained when the CNT containing friction powders are adopted by sol–gel catalyst dispersion and CVD process.The green (0 M concentration of catalyst) specimen which was fabricated by hot pressing commercial friction powders shows less stable, higher friction coefficient and larger mass loss during the wear test. On the contrary, the CNT containing brake lining specimens exhibit better performance, lower friction coefficients and lower mass loss. Morphological observations show that smooth, adherent lubricating films are formed on the sliding surface of CNT containing brake lining specimens, especially for specimens with high concentration of catalyst. Based on the experimental results, the CNT proves to be beneficial in improving the friction and wear performance of the brake lining materials.     

Fabrication and performance of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/YSZ graded composite cathodes for SOFC

The performance of multi-layer (1-x)La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/xYSZ graded composite cathodes was studied as electrode materials for intermediate solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance of multi-layer composite cathodes were investigated. The thermal expansion coefficient and electrical conductivity decreased with the increase in YSZ content. The (1-x)La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/xYSZ composite cathode greatly increased the length of the active triple phase boundary line (TPBL) among electrode, electrolyte, and gas phase, leading to a decrease in polarization resistance and an increase in polarization current density. The polarization current density of the triple-layer graded composite cathode (0.77 A/cm2) was the highest and that of the monolayer cathode (0.13 A/cm2) was the lowest. The polarization resistance (Rp) of the triple-layer graded composite cathode was only 0.182Ω·cm2 and that of the monolayer composite cathode was 0.323Ω·cm2. The power density of the triple-layer graded composite cathode was the highest and that of the monolayer composite cathode was the lowest. The triple-layer graded composite cathode had superior performance.     

基于扫描式阴极的TC4合金微弧氧化行为研究

目的以磷酸盐为氧化槽液体系,在TC4合金大尺寸平板件表面获得均匀连续、无印痕的微弧氧化膜层。方法设计封闭和半封闭式扫描阴极开展氧化试验,研究不同的封闭方式对钛合金微弧氧化膜层的影响,以确定阴极的封闭形式。对试件进行微弧氧化并通过SEM/EDS检测膜层的形貌和成分。结果全封闭式阴极可有效避免弱电场对膜层的影响。半封闭阴极的开口宽度和密封方向对微弧氧化膜有影响,在开口方向,电场辐射区约150 mm,膜厚随距阴极距离的增加而递减,在阴极宽度1倍处,膜厚稍有衰减,其影响区为阴极宽度的6倍。若阴极两端均不密封,氧化影响区将是阴极宽度的12倍。结论采用前部适度敞开、后部彻底封闭的阴极构形,可控制氧化过程中由于电场强度变化引起的膜层脱落和烧蚀缺陷,获得连续均匀的微弧氧化膜。氧化工艺参数可设置为电压450 V,脉宽15,脉数500,扫描速度10 mm/min。     

LiFePO_4/CNT复合正极材料的制备与性能研究

以柠檬酸为碳源和螯合剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiFePO_4/CNT复合正极粉体材料.利用XRD和SEM表征了复合粉体的结构.复合材料含有单一的磷酸铁锂相,碳纳米管在正极材料中将颗粒与颗粒相连,为颗粒之间提供了附加的导电通路.通过添加碳纳米管的方法对正极材料导电通路进行改善.在低速率下容量可以达到135 mAh/g,在1 C充放电速率下容量保持在110 mAh/g,2 C时容量保持在80 mAh/g.随着碳纳米管含量的增加,锂离子电池的容量也增加.     

小孔径内壁螺旋形结构电解加工试验研究

以小孔内壁为加工对象,设计螺旋型刃阴极,研究电解加工小孔径内壁螺旋形结构成形规律。分析了小孔径内壁螺旋槽电解加工成形基本理论,设计并制作了螺旋形阴极;基于ANSYS软件进行电场仿真,分析不同加工间隙和电压时的电场分布情况;利用FLUENT软件分析不同初始加工间隙时的流场分布情况,通过流场分析优化了阴极结构,解决了由于存在涡流现象导致加工质量差的问题;通过正交试验分析各参数对加工结果的影响规律。采用优化参数加工所得螺旋槽最大深度为0.672 mm,误差为0.017 mm,表明数控电解加工小孔径内壁螺旋形结构切实可行。     

Manufacturing of high performance solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with atmospheric plasma spraying (APS)

The potential of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) technology has been investigated for the manufacture of anode, electrolyte and cathode of a solid oxide fuel cell. As the substrate a tape-casted FeCr alloy was used. It turned out that all layers can be applied by this technique, however, the APS cathode layer, although applied by suspension plasma spraying led to cells with rather low performance. Much better cell characteristics could be obtained by using screen-printed LSCF cathodes, which do not need any additional thermal treatment.Anode layers with high electrochemical activity were produced by separate injection of NiO and YSZ powders. The manufacturing of gastight electrolyte layers was a key-issue of the present development. As APS ceramic coatings typically contain microcracks and pores their leakage rate is not sufficiently low for SOFC applications.Based on the understanding of the formation of defects during spraying an optimized spraying process was developed which led to highly dense coatings with the appearance of a bulk, sintered ceramic. Open cell voltages above 1 V proofed the low leakage rates of the rather thin (< 50 μm) coatings. With these cells having a screen-printed cathode an output power of 500 mW/cm² could be achieved at 800 °C.It turned out that the long-term stability of the metal substrate based APS SOFCs was rather poor. The aging of the cells was probably due to interdiffusion of anode and substrate material. Hence, diffusion barrier was applied by APS between substrate and anode. These layers were very effective in reducing the degradation rate. For these cells the output power reached 800 mW/cm².     

TC4复合材料电解钻孔加工技术研究

基于TC4复合材料研究了大余量去除和大直径孔的电解钻孔加工技术。首先,设计了工具阴极结构,在工具阴极侧面绝缘基础上采用电场仿真研究了工作圈高度对加工效果的影响,再针对不同钻孔深度进行流场仿真分析,揭示电解钻孔加工流场分布规律并探究了工具阴极端面出液孔数量对加工稳定性的影响;其次,对陶瓷绝缘和电泳绝缘两种不同绝缘方式下的工具耐用性进行了试验对比,结果表明:高电压下陶瓷绝缘层的耐用度明显优于电泳绝缘层;然后,采用陶瓷绝缘工具阴极对不同加工参数下的电解钻孔深度、入口直径、圆度、锥度等性能进行比较并优化了加工参数;最后,利用优选的参数加工得到入口直径21.43 mm、孔深39.19 mm、圆度误差0.028 mm和锥度0.068°的盲孔。     

A new candidate as the cathode material for intermediate and low temperature SOFCs

In order to develop the new cathode materials suitable for intermediate and low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT/LTSOFCs), LaNi1-xFexO3(x=0.4-0.8) (LNF) materials were synthesized using coprecipitation method. Their structures and morphologies were investigated by XRD and SEM, and their electronic conductivities at different temperatures were measured by dc four terminal method. Fuel cells were fabricated to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the LNF materials as cathodes at different temperatures. The performance of 450-497 mW·cm-2 was obtained in the temperature region of 580-650 ℃ for the LaNi0.2Fe0.8O3 cathode, and of 209-227 mW·cm-2 at 400-500 ℃ for the LaNi0.4Fe0.6O3. The excellent fuel cell performances indicate that the LNF materials are good cathodes for IT/LTSOFCs.     

不同粘结剂基TiB_2-C复合阴极中碱金属的渗透迁移行为(英文)

在含K低温电解质熔体中,采用EDS及改进型电解膨胀率测试仪,分别研究电解过程中沥青、呋喃、酚醛、环氧基TiB2-C复合阴极中碱金属(K和Na)的渗透迁移路径。同时,计算并讨论相应的电解膨胀率、碱金属的扩散系数以及复合阴极的腐蚀率。结果表明:无论使用何种粘结剂,电解过程中,碱金属在阴极中表现出相似的渗透迁移路径:碱金属首先渗透进入阴极的孔隙当中,随后渗透进入粘结剂相中,随着电解的不断进行,最后渗透进入复合阴极的骨料相当中。渗透进入粘结剂相和炭质骨料相当中的K和Na均会引起复合阴极的电解膨胀,同时,K比Na有着更强的渗透力。树脂基复合阴极的电解膨胀率、碱金属在其中的扩散系数以及腐蚀率均小于沥青基复合阴极,即,树脂基复合阴极的抗碱金属渗透力强于沥青基复合阴极。而就树脂基TiB2-C复合阴极而言,酚醛基TiB2-C复合阴极的抗渗透力最强,碱金属在其中的渗透速率、扩散系数和相应的腐蚀率分别为4.72mm/h,2.24×10-5 cm2/s和2.31 mm/a.     

Einflußgrößen der Fremdkathoden aus Bewehrungsstahl in Beton auf die Erdbodenkorrosion von Stahl

Factors influencing the activity of reinforcing steel as cathode on the soil corrosion of steel Factors influencing the corrosion cell established between steel/soil (anode) and reinforcing steel in concrete (cathode) were investigated in field tests extending up to 3 years. In all cases, the differences between the corrosion rates measured in the cell and under free corrosion conditions were higher than the equivalent cell current. This effect means an increase of the cathodic partial reaction by cell action (negative difference effect), and is related to better protecting layers in the case of free corrosion. As to the cathodes, the parameters of the concrete have nearly no effect. But galvanizing of the reinforcing steel has a strong influence on the cell action. Since the cell resistance is mainly controlled by the electrolyte resistance (ground resistance of the anodes) the changes in the polarization resistance of the cathodes can hardly influence the cell action. A decrease of cell currents due to galvanizing the reinforced steel is no doubt present, but the effect is too poor for proper protection against cell activities. Therefore, only conventional electrochemical methods or organic coatings on the reinforcing steel can be applied as protective measures.     

轴对称磁场对电弧离子镀TiN薄膜结构及摩擦性能的影响

利用轴对称磁场增强电弧离子镀工艺制备TiN薄膜,对薄膜表面大颗粒尺寸、数量及大颗粒与薄膜的面积比进行了分析统计,研究了轴对称磁场横向分量强度对薄膜表面大颗粒尺寸和数量、薄膜组织结构及摩擦性能的影响,结果表明,随着轴对称磁场横向分量强度的增加,大颗粒的尺寸和数量大幅度减少,不同尺寸大颗粒的形貌差别很大,TiN薄膜的(111)择优取向增强,薄膜的晶粒尺寸减小且分布均匀:同时,薄膜的摩擦系数及其随时间的波动减小,耐磨性增强.     

Electrochemical performance of La1-xSrxCuO3-δ-Sm0.15Ce0.85O1.925 composite cathodes in IT-SOFCs

The cathode material La1-xSrxCuO3-δ( x =0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) was synthesized by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction reveals that a single phase of perovskite is formed. The investigation of the electrical properties suggests that La0.7Sr0.3CuO3-δ has the highest electrical conductivity. La0.7Sr0.3CuO3-δ powder was mixed with different amount SDC (Sm0.15Ce 0.85O1.925) powder (5wt.%-30wt.%) as composite cathodes. Electrochemical properties of the composite cathodes were researched further. Investigation suggests that the addition of appropriate amount SDC to La0.7Sr0.3CuO3-δ can improve the electrochemical properties and obtain better cathodic performance. Using La0.7Sr0.3CuO3-δ-SDC composite materials as a cathode based on SDC electrolyte, higher current density and power density at intermediate temperatures can be obtained.     

片状偏钨极电弧特性的数值模拟

基于流体力学和麦克斯韦方程组,建立片状偏钨极电弧三维数学模型,计算得到电弧温度场、流场、电场及电流密度分布.结果表明,片状偏钨极厚度方向电弧温度场、流场、电场及电流密度呈对称分布;相同焊接工艺参数下,片状偏钨极电弧最高温度、最大流速及电流密度小于圆柱钨极电弧;电流密度受片状偏钨极前端斜边引导作用和电弧惯性后拖效应的共同影响,其分布范围沿钨极宽度方向扩展,且电弧等温线在该方向上扩张;片状偏钨极前端斜边倾角的改变,会引起电流密度在钨极前端局部集中,并导致阴极下方高温区和阴极射流沿斜边偏移.     

Rechargeable lithium-ion battery cathodes: In-situ XAS

Lithium-ion batteries with high energy and power density are needed for a variety of new technologies. The materials that are used in the cathodes and anodes of these batteries have crystal structures that can accommodate and release lithium over a fairly large composition range. Over 95% of commercial lithium-ion batteries use LiCoO₂ cathodes, but the high cost of cobalt makes cheaper alternatives desirable. Knowledge of the redox chemistry and changes in structure during electrochemical cycling is of paramount importance in designing new cathode materials with superior properties. The authors explored the changes in the atomic and electronic structure of nickel- and manganese-based cathode materials using in-situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The element-specific nature of the XAS technique and its sensitivity to the local chemical environment make it an ideal tool to study this class of materials.