微波加热烟杆制备微孔活性炭的研究

研究了微波加热烟杆氯化锌活化法制备微孔活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验研究了氯化锌浓度、浸渍时间、微波功率和活化时间对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响.最佳工艺条件为ZnCl2浓度25%,浸渍时间36h,微波功率为700W,加热时间为16 min时,所制备的活性炭的碘吸附值为1059.32 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为21 mL/0.1g,得率为32.90 %.该工艺将常规加热方法的预热、干燥、炭化和活化简化为一个过程,所需要加热时间仅为传统方法的1/13,产品活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家一级品标准的2.33倍.同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过BET法计算了活性炭的比表面积,并通过H-K方程、D-A方程和密度函数理论(DFT)表征了活性炭的孔结构.结果表明:该活性炭为微孔型,BET比表面积为1214m2/g,总孔容为0.7387 mL/g,微孔占总孔容74.03%,中孔占24.54%,大孔占1.43%.     

微波热裂解-KOH活化制备杏壳活性炭及其对甲基橙的吸附性能

以陇东地区生物质废弃物杏壳为原料,采用微波热裂解-KOH活化联合法制备活性炭,研究了微波功率和时间,活化过程中KOH溶液的浓度、用量、浸渍时间、加热活化温度和时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响;以甲基橙为染料模拟印染废水,研究了甲基橙初始浓度、振荡吸附时间和活性炭用量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:微波功率800W,热裂解30min,生物炭的收率为56%;KOH溶液的浓度为25%,碱/炭为2.5∶1,活化温度800℃,加热活化1.5h,所制备活性炭的碘吸附值为1332mg/g,比表面积为1223m2/g,总孔体积为0.68cm3/g,活性炭的得率为32.7%;甲基橙浓度为250mg/g,振荡吸附240min,活性炭用量为每100mL甲基橙溶液0.15g时,甲基橙去除率高达99.78%;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。     

KOH作用下稻壳制备高比表面积活性炭的研究

以稻壳为原料、KOH为活化剂,制备了高比表面积活性炭,研究了活化剂用量、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响.研究结果表明,活化剂与稻壳的质量比为3:1,在800℃活化1h,制得的活性炭碘吸附值为1520.32mg/g,亚甲蓝吸附值为3442.50mg/g,比表面积为2027.42m2/g.SEM和XRD观察发现,干馏过程及活化过程的共同作用使活性炭产生多孔结构.     

椰壳纤维基高比表面积中孔活性炭的制备

以椰壳纤维为原料,制备高比表面积中孔活性炭.采用正交试验设计实验方案,研究KOH和NaOH复合活化法制备活性炭的实验方案与工艺条件.考察了活化剂配比、炭化温度、活化温度、时间和升温速率对所制活性炭吸附性能的影响.在最佳工艺条件下,所制活性炭的比表面积达到2032m2/g,中孔发达,特别是2nm～4nm的,中孔比例达到28%.活性炭对的碘吸附值为1435mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为495mg/g,产率为49%.     

高比表面积聚苯乙烯基球状活性炭的制备研究

以聚苯乙烯基大孔吸附树脂球为炭前驱体,经空气预氧化、炭化和活化制备了高比表面积球状活性炭.系统考察了不同氧化和活化条件对氧化球和活化球的物理性能的影响.结果表明:升温速率、氧化温度和氧化时间分别为0.25℃/min、300℃和3h时所得到的氧化球的CCl4吸附值最高,可达970mg/g.此外,当活化温度和活化时间分别为850℃和4h时,球状活性炭的CCl4吸附值最高,为2700mg/g,相应的比表面积为1759m2/g.     

KOH活化法制备汉麻秆活性炭及其微孔结构的研究

采用生物质材料制备比表面积大、微孔结构发达的活性炭,对于缓解资源紧缺、拓展活性炭在气相吸附和双电层电容器等方面的应用具有重大意义。以汉麻秆为原料、KOH为活化剂制备活性炭,通过正交试验探讨碱炭比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭得率和碘吸附值的影响;采用场电镜、孔径分析仪对样品的微孔结构进行分析。结果表明,影响活性炭得率和碘吸附值的最显著因素分别为碱炭比和活化温度,在碱炭比4∶1、活化温度900℃、活化时间为0.5h的条件下,活性炭得率为72%、碘吸附值为2 047mg/g,比表面积为1 924.08m2/g,总孔容为1.01cm3/g,平均孔径为2.1nm;该活性炭的微孔结构发达(微孔率为81.19%),孔径分布较窄,同时存在超微孔和极微孔,且极微孔含量很高。     

H3PO4活化紫茎泽兰制备活性炭及其性能研究

以紫茎泽兰为原料,采用H_3PO_4活化的方式在管式电阻炉中加热制备紫茎泽兰基活性炭。主要考察以N2作保护气体时活化温度、保温时间以及H_3PO_4浓度(质量分数)对活性炭吸附性能及得率的影响。获得优化实验条件:活化温度400℃、保温时间60 min、H_3PO_4浓度50%,并测得相应的亚甲基蓝吸附值为210 mg/g、得率为59.70%,其中亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家标准GB/T 13803.2-1999活性炭一级品的1.6倍。优化实验条件下活性炭的BET比表面积、总孔体积、平均孔径分别为1346m2/g、0.83cm3/g、2.45nm,同时用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对活性炭进行分析表征。实验结果表明紫茎泽兰是一种制备活性炭的良好前驱体材料。     

基于吸附性能的生物质基多孔活性炭制备方案的响应面法优化

以废弃核桃壳作为原料,采用微波加热法制备生物质基多孔活性炭。基于响应面法和数值模拟方法研究活性炭前驱体进行物理活化过程中微波功率、活化时间以及磷酸质量分数对生物质基多孔活性炭吸附性能的影响,对生物质基多孔活性炭制备方案进行优化,并对最优条件下制备的生物质基多孔活性炭进行表征。结果表明,3个因素均对生物质基多孔活性炭的吸附性能有影响,其影响显著性为:微波功率磷酸质量分数活化时间。优化的制备条件为:微波加热法对活性炭前驱体进行物理活化过程中的微波功率为746W、活化时间为11.2min以及磷酸质量分数为85.9%。优化生物质基多孔活性炭的碘吸附值为1074.57mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为294.4mL/g,获得率为52.1%。     

超高比表面积活性炭的制备与表征

以无患子残渣为原料,KOH与K2CO3作为活化剂,采用微波炭化和活化两步法制备超高比表面积活性炭,通过正交实验优化活性炭的制备工艺,探讨了碱炭比、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。利用N2吸脱附实验、XRD、FT-IR等实验技术,对制备的活性炭结构与性能进行了表征。结果表明,在碱炭质量比为4∶1、活化温度800℃、活化时间30 min的条件下,所制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附值为595 mg/g,BET比表面积为3 479 m2/g,吸附累积总孔容达1.8262 cm3/g,平均孔径为2.0997 nm。     

紫茎泽兰同时制备活性炭及高热值燃气实验研究

以紫茎泽兰为原料,通过物理活化同时制得活性炭和高热值燃气。考察了活化温度、时间、CO2流量对多孔碳产品吸附性能和得率的影响。通过响应曲面法得到实验优化工艺条件:活化温度980℃,活化时间130min,CO2流量400mL/min,所制得活性炭碘吸附值和得率分别为1002mg/g,15.79%。制得的多孔碳BET比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为1076m2/g、0.63mL/g、2.36nm。在此优化条件下得到高热值燃气,燃气热值达11542.32kJ/m3。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.