PCR法检测大豆加工食品中的转基因成分

通过分子生物学手段,以聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术为基础,建立了检测大豆加工食品中转基因成分的方法。实验分别采用CTAB法和试剂盒(Kit)法对大豆锅巴、豆浆、豆奶粉、豆腐、豆腐丝等五种大豆加工食品中的DNA进行了提取,用内标基因Lectin对此两种方法的提取效果进行了比较,并以提取的DNA为模板,利用不同的引物分别对目标基因35S和NOS进行了PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。结果表明:Kit法的DNA提取效果优于改良CTAB法,上述五种大豆加工食品中均检测出35S启动子和NOS终止子,且均含有转基因成分。     

Comparison of High-throughput and Manual DNA Extraction Methods for the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of MON810 Maize

PCR-based methods are widely used in the European Union and in other countries for the detection, identification, and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The preparation of good-quality DNA from plant samples for GMO detection can be a challenging task, particularly if the DNA will be used for quantitative analysis. Two DNA extraction methods, namely manual (NucleoSpin Food kit from Machery-Nagel) and high-throughput partially automated (NucleoMag Plant kit from Machery-Nagel) methods, which utilize different DNA separation principles, were used for the isolation of DNA from maize flour samples. Despite the higher DNA recovery obtained using the high-throughput isolation method, a lower PCR efficiency was achieved, most likely due to the presence of PCR inhibitors in the extracts. We found both DNA extraction methods suitable for GMO analysis.     

进口薯格中转基因成分的检测

目的建立了一种快速检测进出口食品中转基因成分的方法。方法本实验采用DNA提取试剂盒对薯格中的DNA进行快速提取,接着用实时荧光PCR方法对其进行转基因成分和品系的鉴定。结果通过对食品标签进行初筛,发现其标识成分中含有未标明的转基因成分。进一步对所含转基因成分的品系进行鉴定,确定薯格的外包裹玉米粉中含有多种转基因成分,包括转基因玉米TC1507、NK603、MON810、59122、MON89034等5个品系。结论本文方法可以用于加工食品中转基因玉米成分及品系的定性检测,也可以作为常规PCR定性方法的确证试验方法。     

Tracing transgenic maize as affected by breadmaking process and raw material for the production of a traditional maize bread, broa

Broa is a maize bread highly consumed and appreciated, especially in the north and central zones of Portugal. In the manufacturing of broa, maize flour and maize semolina might be used, besides other cereals such as wheat and rye. Considering the needs for genetically modified organism (GMO) traceability in highly processed foods, the aim of this work was to assess DNA degradation, DNA amplification and GMO quantification along breadmaking process of broa. DNA degradation was noticed by its decrease of integrity after dough baking and in all parts of bread sampling. The PCR amplification results of extracted DNA from the three distinct maize breads (broa 1, 2 and 3) showed that sequences for maize invertase gene and for events MON810 and TC1507 were easily detected with strong products. Real-time PCR revealed that quantification of GMO was feasible in the three different breads and that sampling location of baked bread might have a limited influence since the average quantitative results of both events after baking were very close to the actual values in the case of broa 1 (prepared with maize semolina). In the other two maize breads subjected to the same baking treatment, the contents of MON810 maize were considerably underestimated, leading to the conclusion that heat-processing was not the responsible parameter for that distortion, but the size of particle and mechanical processing of raw maize play also a major role in GMO quantification.     

Collaborative Study of a T-nos Real-Time PCR Method for Screening of Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Products

In the EU the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food is controlled by the Member States official laboratories within their national inspection and monitoring programs. The most frequently used approach to detect the presence of GMO material in different food matrices is the PCR-based screening for the CaMV 35S promoter and the nos terminator (T-nos) DNA sequence from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A real-time PCR method for detection of T-nos and its validation in a collaborative trial study is described in this paper. The PCR system amplifies a 84 bp fragment and showed to be sensitive to detect at least 5 copies of the T-nos DNA sequence. The assay was adapted for use in real-time PCR instruments using plastic reaction vials and glass capillaries, respectively. A total of 24 laboratories participated in the study and each laboratory received 18 DNA blind samples prepared from GMO certified reference materials (0.1 % and 0.5 % NK601 maize) and from a non-GM maize flour. All samples containing NK603 maize DNA were correctly classified as T-nos positive by the participating laboratories. For the blank samples (0 % GMO) only three false-positive results were reported. A detailed evaluation of the results of the collaborative trial study is described. Received: March 19, 2007     

Collaborative Study of a T-nos Real-Time PCR Method for Screening of Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Products

In the EU the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food is controlled by the Member States official laboratories within their national inspection and monitoring programs. The most frequently used approach to detect the presence of GMO material in different food matrices is the PCR-based screening for the CaMV 35S promoter and the nos terminator (T-nos) DNA sequence from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A real-time PCR method for detection of T-nos and its validation in a collaborative trial study is described in this paper. The PCR system amplifies a 84 bp fragment and showed to be sensitive to detect at least 5 copies of the T-nos DNA sequence. The assay was adapted for use in real-time PCR instruments using plastic reaction vials and glass capillaries, respectively. A total of 24 laboratories participated in the study and each laboratory received 18 DNA blind samples prepared from GMO certified reference materials (0.1 % and 0.5 % NK601 maize) and from a non-GM maize flour. All samples containing NK603 maize DNA were correctly classified as T-nos positive by the participating laboratories. For the blank samples (0 % GMO) only three false-positive results were reported. A detailed evaluation of the results of the collaborative trial study is described.     

Detection of Residues of Genetically Modified Soybeans in Breaded Fried Turkey Cutlets

The presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food products is usually ascertained by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR if sensitivity has to be increased. Since most, if not all, GMO products are of plant origin, the target sequences are the 35S promoter or NOS terminator. The extreme sensitivity of nested PCR can be misleading if the results are not interpreted correctly, since contamination of non-GMO products with residual amounts of GMO may be positive. We report that breaded turkey breast cutlets labeled as containing GMO soybean products were actually prepared from wheat flour that had been contaminated with transgenic soybean.     

Determination of unprocessed genetically modified soybean in foods using simplex and duplex real-time PCR with an internal standard

We developed a method using an internal standard to determine the amount of unprocessed genetically modified organisms (GMO) in foods as GMO weight per weight of total food (w/w_tf) using real-time PCR. Food samples were spiked with an internal standard, a ColE1 plasmid, and DNA was extracted from the samples using a silica membrane-type kit and analysed using real-time PCR. The relationship between the GMO amount and the copy number ratio of the transgene to ColE1 in 0.1–5% w/w_tf GM soybean powders was found to have a correlation coefficient ( r ) of 0.97. GMO was quantified in food samples spiked with GM soybean (final amount 0.5% w/w_tf GMO). The average GMO amount ranged from 0.35% to 0.63% w/w_tf. The results show that our method should be useful for quantifying unprocessed GMO in foods. We also developed a duplex assay, which is simpler and more accurate than the simplex assay.     

Development of two screening duplex PCR assays for genetically modified organism quantification using multiplex real-time PCR master mixes

Since 2001, the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organism (GMO) food and feed derived products are obligatory in the European Union. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are commonly detected via PCR tests. These tests typically involve several steps: (1) screening (2) construct specific (3) event specific and (4) reference gene. Screening tests are based on sequences frequently used for GM development, allowing for the detection of a large number of GMOs. To improve GMO detection efficiency, using specific multiplex master mixes, we developed two real-time PCR screening duplex PCR assays for the detection of P35S/Tnos and Pnos/T35S sequences. By combining these tests, we were able to reduce the time and cost of analysis. For the Pnos/T35S duplex, good sensitivity was obtained using one of the mixes compared to the others. Both duplexes had 100% specificity when tested on DNA from GM maize, rapeseed and soybean. When the duplexes were tested on DNA containing various amounts of GM maize and soybean, the corresponding targets were detected. The detection limit of our methods was found to be between 2 and 8 haploid genome copies for both P35S/Tnos and Pnos/T35S tests. In summary, with high efficiency and good linearity, the proposed two screening duplexes allow for more efficient GMO detection.     

大豆粉转基因成分能力验证样品的检测分析

目的 提高实验室对转基因大豆定性检测的准确性和检测人员专业技术水平, 增强实验室竞争力。方法 通过核酸蛋白仪器分析法和单重实时荧光PCR (simplex real-time fluorescence PCR)法对样品内源基因扩增的循环阈值的影响来比较2种方法, 分析2种DNA提取试剂盒的提取质量。对标准SN/T 1204-2016《植物及其加工产品中转基因成分实时荧光PCR定性检验方法》扩增反应体系中DNA模板量进行优化后, 对样品进行检测。再依据标准SN/T 1202-2010《食品中转基因植物成分定性PCR检测方法》的要求, 对样品进行检测。最后对2个标准的检测结果进行比对。结果 通过内源基因扩增循环阈值的数据确认, 更能准确反映试剂盒提取的DNA是否满足后续外源基因的分析检测要求。2种标准方法对19-N578和19-M913 2个待测样品的检测显示3种外源基因CaMV35S、NOS、CP4-EPSPS均为阴性, 19-N578和19-M913待测样品均为非转基因大豆。结论 本次能力验证获得满意评价。DNA提取质量的评估, 体系中DNA模板量的优化, 检测方法的选择和实验的质量控制都是影响能力验证结果的重要因素。     

食品中转基因成分的PCR筛选检测方法

对 3种常用食品中转基因成分筛选检测方法的灵敏度及特异性进行了研究。试验结果表明 ,35S筛选方法的理论检测低限达 1 5copies,NPTⅡ筛选方法的理论检测低限达 5 0copies,NOS筛选方法的理论检测低限达 1 5 0copies。在不含转基因成分的材料中均未检测到以上 3个片断。     

Monitoring of Bt11 and Bt176 genetically modified maize in food sold commercially in Brazil from 2005 to 2007

BACKGROUND: The first genetically modified (GM) maize lines were approved for trading in Brazil after December 2007 and they were T25, MON810, Bt11, NK603 and GA21. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was employed to monitor the presence of Bt11 and nested PCR was used to detect the presence of Bt176 in 81 maize‐derived products (maize flour, corn meal, maize flour flakes and polenta) that were sold in Brazilian market from 2005 to 2007, before the release of GM maize in Brazil. RESULTS: The PCR detection limit for Bt11 was 10 g kg^?1 and for nested PCR of Bt176 it was 1 g kg^?1. All Brazilian samples analyzed showed no positive signal for these GM maize events. CONCLUSION: Bt11 and Bt176 GM maize lines were not detected by specific PCR in 81 maize‐derived food samples sold in Brazil from 2005 to 2007, before the commercial release of GM maize in Brazil. These Brazilian food industries were in compliance with the rules stipulated by the current legislation with respect to consumer requirements about GMO labeling. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring of genetically modified food and feed in the Tunisian market using qualitative and quantitative real-time PCR

Genetically modified organisms (GMO) invade more and more the agricultural production in the world. Although there are no legislations on GM labeling and cultivation of GM crops in Tunisia, the present study aims to check the status of GMO in Tunisian market using qualitative and quantitative real time-PCR (QRT-PCR). Three-hundred-sixty five samples were collected and different DNA extraction methods were adapted and optimized. Specific primers targeting 35S promoter from Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and nopaline synthase terminator from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (At) were used for the detection of the GMO insert and Taxon specific primers for the detection of plant species. Validated Taqman® probes (EU-RL) targeting event specific regions of the maize events MON810, Bt11, and the soybean event RRS were used for the quantification studies. Seven food and feed products showed different amounts of RRS (1.9%), MON810 (2.1%), and Bt11 (1.6%). The results demonstrate for the first time the presence of GMO in Tunisian markets reinforcing the need for the development of accurate quantitative methods in routine analyses.     

河北省小麦、玉米及其制品中16种真菌毒素污染水平调查与分析

目的调查分析河北省小麦、玉米及其制品中16种常见真菌毒素污染状况。方法收集河北省37份鲜(冻)玉米/玉米粒、74份玉米、玉米面制品以及240份小麦样品。样品经乙腈:水:甲酸(79:20:1, V:V:V)溶液超声离心提取后,通过同位素内标稀释法处理,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果伏马毒素小麦检出8份,玉米、玉米面制品检出66份,检出范围为ND~3889.9μg/kg;玉米赤霉烯酮检出小麦检出2份,玉米、玉米面制品检出69份,检出范围为ND~323.2μg/kg;脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出122份,玉米、玉米面制品检出68份,检出范围为ND~4183.4μg/kg;3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出5份,玉米、玉米面制品检出18份;15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出12份,玉米、玉米面制品检出38份;其他毒素均为未检出。鲜(冻)玉米/玉米粒中16种真菌毒素均未检出。结论伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇为小麦、玉米及其制品的主要污染物,其污染状况应引起关注。     

2012~2015年深圳市售转基因大豆及其产品的监测结果分析

目的 了解2012~2015年深圳市售转基因大豆及其制品的市场占有率、标识情况及发展态势。方法 在深圳各大连锁超市随机抽取大豆及其制品, 采用试剂盒法提取样品DNA, 采用实时荧光PCR的方法扩增大豆内源基因Lectin, 并扩增外源基因CaMV35S启动子和NOS终止子对样品进行定性筛查, 分析不同类别、不同年份样品的阳性率差异及变化趋势。结果 4年监测大豆及豆制品共283份, 检出阳性样品19份,总体阳性率为6.71%; 大豆样品的转基因阳性率为0; 不同年份的豆制品转基因阳性率之间存在显著性差异且有逐年上升的趋势; 所有检出的阳性样品均未按照规定标识。结论 目前深圳市场转基因大豆及其制品(大豆油除外)的市场占有率还很低, 但豆制品转基因阳性率有逐年上升的趋势。政府应该加强转基因产品的标识管理, 并加强转基因农产品的监管。     

大豆异黄酮中转基因大豆成分检测研究

利用含有35S启动子、NOS终止子片段的质粒,确定相应检测方法的灵敏度为15个拷贝和150个拷贝;采用扩增CaMV35S启动子的2对引物、扩增NOS终止子的2对引物、扩增EPSPS目的基因的1对引物,对大豆异黄酮样品中转基因成分进行了检测,结果均扩增出了特异性片段,且测序结果正确。     

Determination of sterigmatocystin in foods in Japan: method validation and occurrence data

ABSTRACT

A survey of the contamination of foods by sterigmatocystin (STC) was performed by an analytical method based on LC-MS/MS. STC was extracted from samples with acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v) and then purified with immunoaffinity columns. The method was validated by a small-scale inter-laboratory study using spiked wheat samples. Mean recoveries of STC were 100.3% and 92.5% from two samples spiked at 0.5 and 5.0 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 583 samples were analysed between 2016 and 2018, and STC was detected in 19.9% of all samples at >0.05 μg/kg (limit of quantification). The foods that were contaminated by STC were wheat flour, Job’s tears products, rye flour, rice, buckwheat flour, white sorghum, barley products, azuki bean and corn flour. STC was not found in beer or wine. The occurrence of STC in domestic wheat flour (44.4%), Job’s tears products (41.7%) and rye flour (29.9%) accounted for the three highest values. The highest mean concentrations were obtained for Job’s tears products (0.3 μg/kg) and rye flour (0.3 μg/kg). The maximum contamination level was present in a sample of rye flour (7.1 μg/kg). Although the contamination levels were low, these results indicate that STC frequently contaminates Japanese retail foods. A continuous survey is required to assess exposure to STC in Japan.     

A multiplex PCR method of detecting recombinant DNAs from five lines of genetically modified maize

Seven lines of genetically modified (GM) maize have been authorized in Japan as foods and feeds imported from the USA. We improved a multiplex PCR method described in the previous report in order to distinguish the five lines of GM maize. Genomic DNA was extracted from GM maize with a silica spin column kit, which could reduce experimental time and improve safety in the laboratory and potentially in the environment. We sequenced recombinant DNA (r-DNA) introduced into GM maize, and re-designed new primer pairs to increase the specificity of PCR to distinguish five lines of GM maize by multiplex PCR. A primer pair for the maize intrinsic zein gene (Ze1) was also designed to confirm the presence of amplifiable maize DNA. The lengths of PCR products using these six primer pairs were different. The Ze1 and the r-DNAs from the five lines of GM maize were qualitatively detected in one tube. The specific PCR bands were distinguishable from each other on the basis of the expected length. The r-DNA could be detected from maize samples containing 0.5% of each of the five lines of GM maize. The sensitivity would be acceptable to secure the verification of non-GMO materials and to monitor the reliability of the labeling system.     

植物源食品DNA制备方法的比较研究

目的：探索可用作PCR方法检测和鉴定植物源转基因食品模板的DNA抽提方法。方法：分别用改良CTAB法、SDS法制备黄豆、玉米、土豆和番茄及其加工产品的DNA，PCR扩增叶绿体基因片段及黄豆、玉米的内参照基因lectin和zein10。结果：改良CTAB法所得DNA作为PCR扩增模板，叶绿体基因片段及lectin和zein10均呈阳性，SDS法所得DNA作为模板时，部分样品内参照基因lectin或zein10扩增阴性。结论：PCR方法检测转基因食品时，应用改良CTAB法制备DNA模板。     

Analysis of flour and food samples for cry9C from bioengineered corn

StarLink corn is a variety of yellow corn that has been genetically modified by the insertion of an altered cry9C gene into the plant genome. resulting in expression of the insecticidal Cry9C protein. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved StarLink corn for use in animal feed but not in food intended for human consumption. Therefore, under the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, any food intended for human consumption in which the presence of StarLink corn is indicated by the presence of either the Cry9C protein or the cry9C gene would be considered adulterated. Extraction and PCR-based methods were used to detect the presence of the cry9C DNA initially in corn flour and corn meal, and then these methods were extended to the analysis of processed corn products, including taco shells, cereals, baby foods, party snacks, and chips, for the presence of this modified genetic material. In a survey of 63 products, the cry9C transgene was detected in 4 taco shells.