复合材料弹性模量的激光超声测量方法研究

本文利用激光超声方法来测量碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的弹性模量,详细介绍了测量原理和测量系统.利用Q值可调的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器在复合材料试件中激发超声波,超声波由激光超声接收仪接收,经过解调器后在数字示波器上显示,获取超声声速.根据超声声速与材料弹性模量之间的固有关系,可以反演材料的弹性模量.实验表明,利用激光超声方法获得的测量结果与采用动态法得到的理论参考值相吻合,偏差在3%以内,并且操作简单可行.     

基于声压反射系数幅度谱匹配分析的薄层厚度和超声纵波声速双参数反演EI北大核心CSCD

针对薄层材料超声测厚过程中回波信号混叠、超声纵波声速未知导致薄层厚度无法测量的问题,提出一种基于声压反射系数幅度谱（Ultrasonic Reflection Coefficient Amplitude Spectrum,URCAS）匹配分析技术同时测量薄层厚度和超声纵波声速的方法。采用相关系数法对薄层试样实测声压反射系数幅度谱和理论声压反射系数幅度谱在超声检测有效频带范围内逐一进行匹配分析,通过反演计算得到相关系数最大值点对应的超声检测参数,最终实现薄层厚度和超声纵波声速的同时表征。利用该方法对铝合金基体上的雷达吸波涂层（Radar Absorbing Coatings,RAC）进行实验测试及信号分析。结果表明：该方法可以有效实现混叠信号中超声特征参量的提取,反演得到吸波涂层厚度与千分尺测量厚度间相对误差为2.53%-3.72%、纵波声速测量相对误差为2.51%-3.75%。     

基于激光测振法的高强度超声声场测量

基于激光测振法对高强度聚焦超声换能器的辐射声场进行测量,与标准水听器测得的结果对比焦点处基波信号、二次谐波、三次谐波测得值基本一致,基波声压误差在10%以内,焦平面的声压分布基本一致。同时,基于多层介质阻抗传递法解决激光测振法中薄膜对声场测量的影响,计算不同频率下薄膜的声压透射系数。设计实验验证不同频率(1、5、10 MHz)下,激光测振法与标准水听器测量法得到的结果,结果表明通过声压透射系数对激光测振法测量结果进行修正可有效减小测量误差。     

传递矩阵-驻波管法研究材料隔声性能

从材料内部声场变化以及材料外部声场变化2个方面研究了材料的隔声性能.首先利用传递矩阵法详细分析了层合复合材料的隔声特型,理论推导了垂直入射平面波声压透射系数和隔声量随密度、声速、厚度以及频率变化的关系式.从实际测试的角度介绍了对材料进行隔声量测试的四通道传声器驻波管法原理,并对其使用的数学计算公式进行了推导.在理论与实际的基础上,分别对一定厚度的钢板和复合材料进行了理论仿真计算和实验测试,结果表明二者基本吻合.     

弹性波传播到声发射传感器的声压透射系数研究

研究固体中弹性波在媒介分界面的透射规律,以提高声发射检测的精度与效率。基于声学理论推导出了三种典型耦合状态的声压透射系数计算公式,明确了各参数对透射系数的影响;搭建了声发射波透射试验研究平台,分别对上述典型状态下的声压透射理论计算系数进行验证;基于建立的声压透射系数计算方法分析了耦合层的声阻抗、厚度值以及耦合层材料的内外位置等对声压透射系数的影响。研究结果表明,理论计算结果与试验检测结果吻合较好,建立的声压透射系数计算公式有助于指导声发射传感器增强对弹性波的拾取。     

基于超声波水浸点聚焦探头测量材料弹性模量的方法

弹性模量是表征与评定材料力学性能的基础,本文基于超声波斜入射至异质界面时的波型转换原理,提出了测量材料弹性模量的方法.当超声纵波以小于第一临界角的角度入射至材料时,可在材料的底面和水的界面产生反射纵波与反射横波.通过计算材料表面回波与反射纵波、反射横波之间的声时差,并结合材料的厚度值可计算得到材料的纵波声速与横波声速,进而获得弹性模量与泊松比的数值.本文对厚度约2 mm的轧制铝和镍试样进行了超声测量,结果表明:弹性模量、泊松比的测量值与理论值之间的相对误差分别小于2%,6%.     

由矢量水听器阵列反演浅海地声参数

基于矢量水听器能够比传统的声压水听器提供更多的声场信息,文章提供了一种利用矢量水听器阵列（AVS）进行浅海地声参数反演的方法。首先,对声场矢量的传播规律进行了研究;其次,利用矢量匹配场（MFP）方法进行了海底声速的反演：最后利用声压和质点垂直振速的传播损失差反演了海底吸收。基于矢量水听器的海底参数反演方法主要具有下述优点：一是利用矢量匹配场反演海底声速能够有效减小参数估计误差：二是利用声场矢量传播损失差进行海底吸收反演能够排除信号源级起伏对反演的干扰。实验结果表明,基于矢量水听器阵列的海底参数反演能够很好的进行声场传播预报工作。     

基于参考点之间水声传播的声速剖面反演

针对海洋声速剖面测量成本高、长期观测困难的难题,文章初步研究了利用水下固定参考点与水面已知位置之间的声信号传播时延来反演海水声速剖面的方法,提出了一种等声速分层模型下的声速剖面反演方法。将海水分层,对声信号传播过程进行建模,推导反演声速的非线性方程组;再利用牛顿迭代法,对非线性方程组进行求解。通过仿真和海试试验数据处理,分层数不同时,反演声速与实际声速之间的误差随着分层数的增加而变小,声速误差最小为0.80 m·s^-1左右,验证了反演方法的有效性与准确性。     

基于脉冲压缩技术的宽带透射系数测量方法

透射系数是水声材料的一项重要声学参数,为了在水池中对水声材料的透射系数进行测量,本文提出了一种基于脉冲压缩技术的测量方法,对接收信号进行压缩来提取直达波。该方法不仅可以克服实验过程中经常遇到的多途干扰,而且测量过程简单,可以同时获得测量频带内所有频点的透射系数,即实现了对透射系数的宽带测量。在水池环境下,通过对20kHz-60kHz频率范围内玻璃缸的窄带测量与宽带测量结果的比较,验证了该方法的有效性。     

用传递矩阵法分析水下穿孔板结构的透声特性

穿孔板吸声结构在空气噪声控制和改造方面得到了广泛的应用,但关于穿孔板结构水下应用的研究和报道却很少.利用传递矩阵法详细分析了水下穿孔板结构的透声特性,理论推导得出了垂直入射声压透射系数随频率变化的关系式.对典型的双层穿孔板结构的透声特性进行了仿真,并对影响声压透射系数的各项因素进行了分析与讨论.设计并搭建了驻波管测试系统,利用基于四传感器的传递函数法对自制的双层穿孔板结构进行了测量.垂直入射声压透射系数的测量值与理论计算值基本吻合,从而验证了理论分析的正确性.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。