Nurek reservoir and the environment

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 9–11, November, 1990.     

Estimation of origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-fractionated road dust in Tokyo with multivariate analysis.

This study aimed to estimate the origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-fractionated road dust in Tokyo. First, seven categories of PAHs sources were defined: diesel vehicle exhaust, gasoline vehicle exhaust, tire, pavement, asphalt or bitumen, petroleum products excluding tire and asphalt, and combustion products except for those in vehicle engines. The 189 source data of 12-PAHs profiles were classified into 11 groups based on cluster analysis combined with principal component analysis. Next, 18 road dust samples were collected from eight streets in Tokyo and fractionated into four different particle-size-fractions: 0.1-45, 45-106, 106-250, and 250-2000 microm. In order to estimate the contributions of the classified source groups (S1-S11) to PAHs in the road dust, multiple regression analysis was performed with 12-PAH profile of the road dust as dependent variable and average 12-PAHs profiles of the 11 source groups as 11 explanatory variables. Diesel vehicle exhaust, tire and pavement were the major contributors of PAHs in the fractionated road dust. Although the estimated contributions of the 11 source groups varied among the particle-size-fractions, there was no clear and consistent relationship between particle size and the major PAH contributor.     

全国水利发展“十一五”规划主要目标落实情况分析

以全国水利发展"十一五"规划提出的11个指标的目标为评价对象,分析评价"十一五"以来这些指标的具体落实完成情况,并对未来进行展望.     

Algicidal effect of bacterial isolates of Pedobacter sp. against cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

The aim of this study was to isolate algicidal bacteria so as to control harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (M.aeruginosa) blooms using biological methods. Nine bacterial strains were isolated to inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa, among which the MaI11-5 bacterial strain exhibited remarkable algicidal activity against M. aeruginosa cells during the test. Based on the 16S rDNA analysis, the isolated MaI11-5 was identified as Pedobacter sp. through morphology and homology research. The results of cocultivation of the cyanobacteria with MaI11-5 algicidal isolates showed obvious algicidal activity against cyanobacterial cells. The algicidal effect of MaI11-5 exceeded 50% after two days, exceeded 70% after four days, and reached 80% after seven days. The observation results with a scanning electron microscope showed that the cyanobacterial cells aggregated and produced mucous-like substances when cocultivated with the algicidal bacteria. The results indicated that the MaI11-5 bacterial strain may possess a novel function for controlling harmful blooms and further studies will provide new insights into its role in water environment.     

南方红壤丘陵区不同生态恢复措施对土壤质量的影响

对南方红壤丘陵区的荒坡地采取不同生态恢复措施后的土壤理化性质指标进行了测定,分析结果表明:前埂后沟梯壁植百喜草的梯田果园对减小土壤密度、提高土壤持水能力和改善土壤通气状况的效果最好,横坡间种农作物的坡地果园对改善土壤结构效果最好;采取不同生态恢复措施的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷含量均高于裸露地,且以前埂后沟梯壁植百喜草的梯田果园各指标含量最高。采取不同生态恢复措施的土壤碱解氮含量和速效钾含量同样以前埂后沟梯壁植百喜草的梯田果园最高。试验结果表明,采用不同措施的生态果园对土壤的生态恢复效果较好,尤以前埂后沟梯壁植百喜草梯田果园效果最好。     

河道海绵建设中SWMM-MIKE 11耦合模型的构建及应用思路

为解决我国城市化进程中的水安全和水环境问题,结合海绵城市建设理念和河道综合整治目标,分析暴雨洪水管理模型(storm water management model,SWMM)和MIKE 11模型的适用范围、具备优势和存在不足。结果表明,SWMM广泛应用于径流总量控制和面源污染削减的模拟,但是无法模拟河道中污染物的对流扩散和生化过程;MIKE 11河网模型广泛应用于城市河道水量和水质模拟,可预测特定条件下的河道水环境变化情况,但是无法反映陆域面源污染对河道水质的冲击影响。构建SWMM-MIKE 11耦合模型,利用SWMM进行海绵设施和雨水管网模拟,将SWMM中管网排口径流作为边界条件导入到MIKE 11模型中,可以实现二者优势互补。     

MIKE11HD模型在下辽河平原河网模拟计算中的应用

利用MIKE11软件对下辽河平原河网的水流进行模拟分析,并利用流域内河网实测流量、水位资料进行验证。结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合较好,具有较好的精度。通过MIKE11软件预测河道水位、流量可为河道规划设计和防洪调度提供决策依据。     

MIKE11软件在老窝河河道整治工程中的应用

简要介绍了MIKE11软件水动力学模型,并使用该模型对山区河道整治工程设计水面线进行复核计算。其计算结果表明,MIKE11软件能较好地适应山区河道水面线推求,计算成果精度高,同时对工程优化设计具有较好的应用价值。     

洪门水电站主坝坝基F_(11)断层运行性态分析和评价

对洪门水电站主坝坝基F11断层测压管资料从水位、坡降、位势、绳套图等方面进行了分析,结果表明帷幕防渗作用在减退,F11断层已受到冲蚀,运行性态正在逐步恶化,并提出应尽早进行补强灌浆的处理措施,保障大坝安全运行.     

Volatile Chloro- and Chlorofluorocarbons in Lake Erie — 1977 and 1978

Water samples from the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie were analyzed for volatile chloro- and chlorofluorocarbons for a one-week period in each of 1977 and 1978. The following contaminants were observed with mean concentrations and standard deviations in 1978 with the corresponding values for 1977 in parentheses: Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 76±38 (73±36) ng°L^?1; trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) 34±26 (46±40) ng·L^?1; chloroform 15±4 ng·L^?1; carbon tetrachloride 19±11 (37±20) ng·LT^?1; trichloroethylene 20±13 (11±9) ng·L^?1.Except for carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene, the distribution patterns appear to show little correlation with each other. Chloroform concentrations were relatively uniform, however the carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene concentrations appear to be point-source related with discharges along the south shore of Lake Erie. Freon 12 concentrations were generally higher in the eastern basin than in the central basin, while Freon 11 levels were high and relatively uniform throughout the study area.     

德州市农村居民对周边水环境的认知研究

农村居民是农业主要的经济活动主体与基本的决策单位,其对水资源的利用方式和认知理解是农村水环境变化的直接影响因素。选取德州市农村地区为案例区,采用抽样问卷、χ2检验法及对应分析方法,对2007年德州市1区8县2市农村居民水资源认知、水污染认知及节水意识与其居住地间关系进行了探讨。结果表明:不同居住地在水环境认知方面有显著差异。调查结果与实际水环境状况比较,德州市6个县(市、区)对其周边水资源认知准确、2个对其周边水污染认知准确、9个属"想"节水群体。11个县(市、区)可分为认知模糊意愿明确、认知乐观意愿明确、认知悲观意愿明确及认知清晰意愿模糊4种类型。     

冷冻法在星云湖出流改道隧洞工程中的应用

云南星云湖出流改道隧洞工程的桩号11＋000～11＋120段为粉砂质黏土夹粉细砂地层。此处施工，多次涌水涌砂，不能成洞。后采用冷冻法固结土体，隧洞因此得以顺利贯通。冷冻法固结土体虽然昂贵，但有效、可靠，局部使用的话还是可以承受的。     

基于SWMM-MIKE11耦合模型的桐庐县内涝风险评估

通过构建SWMM-MIKE11耦合模型评估现有管网系统排水能力,预测桐庐县遭遇5年、10年、20年一遇暴雨时的城市内涝情况并依此绘制内涝风险图。结果表明:桐庐县发生城市内涝的风险较高;SWMM-MIKE11耦合模型在桐庐县具有良好的适用性,在城市内涝风险评估中具有应用价值。     

节水型社会建设试点的启示

"十一五"期间,水利部以节水型社会试点建设为载体开展节水型社会建设,重点推动了南水北调东中线受水区、西北能源重化工基地、南方水污染严重地区、沿海经济带的节水型社会建设,100个节水型社会试点地区以点带面、以试点示范推动全面建设节水型社会发挥重要作用。本文在归总100个试点地区经验的基础上,分析阐述了节水型社会建设"十一五"期间试点的成效。     

Lagrangian Measurements in Lake Ontario

Satellite-tracked trajectories of 19 drifters involving six experiments between 1983 and 1989 in Lake Ontario were analyzed. Three aspects of the observed motions at 3.5 m depth are examined: (1) the spatial structure of the mean and variance velocity fields, (2) the Lagrangian statistics (dispersion and eddy diffusion characteristics) of the variance field based on single-particle analysis, and (3) the Eulerian statistics of the fluctuating velocity field. The spatial structure of the mean velocity field is consistent with that obtained from dynamic height and current meter measurements. The lake circulation is cyclonic. A coastal jet with mean speed in excess of 11 cm/s dominates the mean circulation. The jet is most intense along the southern shore. Two recirculation zones are observed in the western part of the lake. The current variability is strongly anisotropic in the coastal zone. Away from the coastline, the flow is quasi-isotropic.The theory of single-particle diffusion by homogeneous random motion (Taylor 1921) describes the dispersive motions reasonably well. In the western part of the lake, zonal scales greatly exceed the meridional scales while in the eastern part of the lake they are similar. In the western part of the lake, the zonal and meridional integral time and length scales and eddy dijfusivities are, respectively, (T₁₁,T₂₂) = (17.2, 5.5) hr, (L₁₁,L₂₂) = (10.1, 2.1) km and (K₁₁,K₂₂) = (16.5, 2.2) × 10⁶ cm²/s. In the eastern part of the lake, these values are (T₁₁,T₂₂) = (7.9, 14.7) hr, (L₁₁,L₂₂) = (1.7, 2.7) km, and (K₁₁,K₂₂) = (1.1, 1.5) × 10⁶ cm²/s. The presence of inertial oscillations does not affect the diffusivity estimates. The eddy kinetic energy of single-particle motion in the western part of the lake is 189 cm²/s² which is about six times that of the eastern part. The Eulerian decorrelation scales tend to be larger than those of the single-particle estimates. The space scales indicate that the eddy field is quasi-isotropic.     

Mechanical equipment of the Tashlyk pumped-storage hydroelectric station and Aleksandrovka hydro development of the Southern Ukraine power complex

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 6–7, November, 1989.     

Predicting channel deformations in mountain rivers

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 45–48, November, 1990.     

Technology of constructing precast asphaltic concrete membranes of earth dams

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 45–47, November, 1988.     

Modeling the runoff of small rivers

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 34–37, November, 1990.     

Problems of ecology in designs of hydraulic structures

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 27–28, November, 1991.