管囊酵母发酵生产乙醇的实验研究

嗜鞣管囊酵母(Pachysolen tannophilus)As 2.1585可以直接发酵木糖产乙醇.研究了供氧水平、培养基初始pH值、接种量等条件对嗜鞣管囊酵母As 2.1585发酵产乙醇的条件.结果表明,在温度28℃、转速100 r/min条件下,嗜鞣管囊酵母发酵木糖产乙醇适宜在高好氧条件下进行,产乙醇的最适初始pH值为5.0,最适接种浓度2%,当水解液木糖浓度为3 g/100 mL时,最大乙醇浓度为0.8 g/100 mL,是理论得率的85%.     

嗜鞣管囊酵母发酵柑橘皮水解液生产乙醇的研究

本文旨在研究嗜鞣管囊酵母利用柑橘皮半纤维素水解液发酵生产乙醇的可行性.采用木聚糖酶水解柑橘皮半纤维素,利用嗜鞣管囊酵母(Pachysolen tannophilus)进行木糖发酵生产乙醇;测定嗜鞣管囊酵母细胞生长曲线,乙醇生产及木糖残留曲线,并研究发酵工艺条件.试验结果表明,嗜鞣管囊酵母可有效利用柑橘皮水解液中的木糖进行细胞生长和乙醇生产.以柑橘皮水解液为碳源,发酵生产乙醇是可行的.优化的乙醇发酵生产工艺条件是:发酵时间20 h、温度28℃、摇床转速100 r/min、初始pH 4.5、接种量5％.在此工艺条件下,乙醇产量10.1 mg/mL,乙醇得率0.388 g乙醇/g木糖,是理论得率的84.3％.     

玉米秸秆稀酸水解液发酵生产纤维素乙醇的研究

该文系统考察了溶氧、初始pH值、培养温度、氮源以及玉米秸秆稀酸水解液中糠醛和乙酸对嗜鞣管囊酵母乙醇发酵的影响。结果表明,装液量75mL/250mL三角瓶、转速80r/min、初始pH值为5.5、培养温度30℃和酵母膏6g/L是嗜鞣管囊酵母乙醇发酵的较佳条件,乙醇产量可达到7.52g/L;糠醛和乙酸对嗜鞣管囊酵母细胞增殖、乙醇合成和底物消耗具有明显的抑制作用,且糠醛和乙酸同时存在于发酵培养基中会加剧抑制的产生。经菌种驯化改良后,嗜鞣管囊酵母G21增强了对秸秆稀酸水解液的适应性,实际乙醇得率由77.7%vol提高至89.4%vol。     

发酵木糖酵母菌株的选育

本文介绍了发酵木糖产酒精酵母菌种的筛选方法并利用该方法筛选出一株性能优良的发酵木糖产酒精酵母菌株Zs。该菌株性能测试结果为：发酵木糖产乙醇能力相当于理论产量的60．0％；发酵葡萄糖浓度为8％的发酵液，乙醇转化率为0.388g/g；最低乙醇抑制浓度14％（v/v)；在温度高达42℃的条件下仍能正常生长。并初步鉴定该菌株为奥默毕赤氏酵母（Pichia ahmeri)。     

白酒丢糟及秸秆降解液的主要糖分分析及产酒精酵母筛选

实验通过纸上层析法对由丢糟和秸秆在特定降解工艺下降解出的糖化液进行主要糖分组成的分析,最后在现有的酒酵母中筛选出适合在糖化液中生长并发酵酒精的酵母。实验结果表明,糖化液中的主要糖分组成为葡萄糖和木糖．且从色谱上分析,2种糖的组成接近1：1。所筛选的酒酵母中,LR3．JS1虽生长较慢,但单位产酒能力强,产酒率可达50％左右;而LR3．E12在糖化液中生长迅速,但产酒率低,在30％左右。且2株酵母在特定接种量范围内,产酒量差别不大。综合考虑,使用LR3．JS1来发酵生产酒精,由于发酵液中的葡萄糖和木糖各占总糖的一半,且LR3．JS1只能利用糖化液中的葡萄糖进行酒精发酵,不能利用木糖,因此蒸酒后的残留液可进一步提取木糖。     

碱预处理稻草产生物乙醇的工艺研究

以碳酸钠预处理的稻草为唯一碳源,硫酸铵为氮源,采用烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）对稻草进行酶解,嗜鞣管囊酵母（Saccharomyces tannophilus）对酶解产物进行发酵生产乙醇,并对酶解及乙醇生产工艺进行研究。结果表明,烟曲霉及嗜鞣管囊酵母发酵碳酸钠预处理稻草生产乙醇的工艺为10 g稻草经90 mL 0.15 mol/L碳酸钠预处理后,调节pH值为4.5,按4%（V/V）的接种量接入烟曲霉种子液,于37 ℃、150 r/min条件下酶解12 h后,按2%（V/V）的接种量接入嗜鞣管囊酵母种子液,于37 ℃、150 r/min条件下发酵16 h,生物乙醇产量达到最高为（26.30±0.86） g/L。     

双酵母发酵秸秆水解糖产乙醇条件研究

初步探讨了秸秆水解糖混菌发酵的最优条件。结果表明,调整秸秆水解液中葡萄糖与木糖的比例为3：2,初始糖浓度为100g／L,初始pH为5．5,在32℃下进行嗜单宁管囊酵母和酿酒酵母混合发酵44h,平均乙醇浓度为35g／L左右,最大糖醇转化率为35．6％,达到混合发酵理论值的72．1％。从经济角度来看,混糖发酵优于分步发酵。     

发酵木糖酵母菌株的选育

本文介绍了发酵木糖产酒精酵母菌种的筛选方法并利用该方法筛选出一株性能优良的发酵木糖产酒精酵母菌株Z8。该菌株性能测试结果为 :发酵木糖产乙醇能力相当于理论产量的 60 .0 % ;发酵葡萄糖浓度为 8%的发酵液 ,乙醇转化率为0 .3 88g/g;最低乙醇抑制浓度 14% (v/v) ;在温度高达 42℃的条件下仍能正常生长。并初步鉴定该菌株为奥默毕赤氏酵母(Pichiaahmeri)。     

耐高温酒精酵母诱变育种研究

以嗜鞣管囊酵母P-01为出发菌株,经亚硝基胍诱变处理,采用TIC筛选平板初筛,杜氏管发酵二级筛选和混合糖发酵三级筛选,得到3株38℃发酵温度时的乙醇高产菌株P-01-33、P-01-70和P-01-190,其乙醇产率为12.9g/L、12.1g/L和13.3g/L,分别比出发菌株P-01的乙醇产率(9.5g/L)提高35.80%、27.47%、30.81%.     

预处理玉米秸秆发酵生产燃料酒精的研究

本文利用正交试验对玉米秸秆发酵生产燃料酒精的条件进行了摇瓶试验。试验发现，采用管囊酵母SQY－001与酿酒酵母SQY－002混合菌种发酵生产酒精的最适条件为发酵温度36℃，发酵周期为72h，转速为80－100r/min，纤维素酶用量为40IU／g底物，管囊酵母与酿酒酵母的接种比例为2：1，并在此条件下得到酒精产率为0．148g/g。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.