基于GPS的广域保护终端装置研究

为从整体或区域电网的角度提升继电保护系统的性能、构建实际的广域保护系统,介绍了一种基于全球定位系统(GPS)的广域保护终端装置。该保护终端装置采用模块化结构,每个终端都配置了GPS信号模块和远程通信模块,可通过专用的通信网络共享电网广域信息。阐述了由该终端装置构成的保护系统利用电网广域信息进行保护策略的制定,实现电网中不同地点保护之间动作的协调配合,实现快速的和最小范围的故障隔离,加速后备保护的动作,改善后备保护的性能,并能实现自适应保护。最后,从应用的角度讨论了该装置在实际运行中需要注意的GPS信号可靠性与通信可靠性等关键问题。     

电网广域后备保护代理的结构和工作机制研究

基于代理的广域后备保护系统通过多个自治代理,利用广域信息并行工作与协调,能够缩短后备保护动作时间、减少故障隔离范围和防止后备保护在电网异常事件中误动。该文研究了广域后备保护代理的结构和工作机制,建立了保护代理多部件的分层模型,分析其工作流程,构造协作关联域。基于代理之间交换数据型和请求型消息,提出了对等的混合协调模式。针对多代理系统的多种故障进行容错性处理,多个保护代理以协作策略和联合规则运行,使保护的整体性能得以加强,提高系统的可靠性和容错性。利用电网和通信系统同步仿真平台EPOCHS在一个简单电力系统上对所研究的代理进行仿真实验,验证了所提出代理工作机制的有效性和合理性。     

利用Agent实现新的电网后备保护

提出了一种新的利用Agent实现的电网后备保护系统.它优于由传统第Ⅲ段保护构成的后备保护系统,动作更快而且更具有选择性,其自检和纠错能力能减少保护的不正确动作.阐述了:Agent的基本思想,分析了Agent保护通信特点,提出了基于Agent的电网后备保护系统原理结构、算法和IP通信实现,利用电力和通信系统同步仿真平台EPOCHS在一简单电力系统上对所提出的保护系统进行了仿真实现,证明了所提出的方法的有效性.     

基于智能多代理技术的广域电网协调保护系统

结合智能多代理系统(multi-agent system,MAS)的技术特点,提出建立基于MAS的广域电网保护协调系统。该系统的保护代理模型采用慎思型的理性智能体(BDI)结构,各代理间通信采用知识提取及操控语言(KQML),实现了各保护代理间的信息交换和协调配合。文章以差动保护为例,重点阐述了主、后备保护区的动态划分,提出了保护动作规则和协调机制,提高了保护系统对电网结构变化的灵活适应能力。     

应对线路差动主保护丢失的后备保护应急方案

超高压输电系统中,存在单间隔或多间隔线路差动主保护丢失后后备保护在线路区内故障时可能存在动作延时长、失配导致的误动或拒动风险。针对单间隔或多间隔线路保护装置闭锁、通信设备异常、通信通道故障导致的线路差动主保护丢失工况,分析了后备保护的适应性,提出了基于站域开关量信息采集来判断不同工况导致主保护丢失的识别逻辑。并制定了基于站域共享信息的后备保护主动和被动加速自调整应急优化方案,缩短后备保护的动作时间和自适应调整后备保护的动作范围,并通过仿真验证。仿真表明,优化后的应急后备保护实现线路差动主保护丢失后由距离保护和零序保护快速有序切除故障。     

分层式电网区域保护系统的原理和实现

目前在高压电网中广泛使用的主保护是基于高频通道的纵联保护，而后备保护的信息则来源于单端信息的测量。文中分析了纵联保护和传统后备保护存在的问题，并结合变电站铺设光纤的现实条件，提出了一种新型的基于光纤环网通信，实现电气信息共享来进行故障定位的分层式区域保护系统。该系统可与传统的主保护和后备保护协同工作，进一步加强电网的第一道防线。详细介绍了区域保护系统的层次结构以及工作过程，阐述了用于故障定位的零、负序方向元件的原理，以及基于序分量和阻抗的综合选相元件的原理。EMTP仿真了各种故障，特别是区内外复杂故障情况下系统的动作行为，仿真结果证明了此系统的正确性。     

基于多智能体的交流微网电流保护研究

为了解决微网接入传统配电网的保护问题,提出基于多智能体的交流微网电流保护方案。该方案既可以利用多智能协调合作的性能更好地实现电流差动保护,又能在电网出现间歇性故障时提供三段式电流保护。基于电力多智能体分布系统基础和电流保护系统结构,具体设计了可灵活切换的多智能体交流微网电流保护方案。实例验证表明,基于多智能体的电流保护方案能适应各种交流微网环境,具有较好的实用性。     

智能变电站全站快速后备保护系统方案及应用

电力系统继电保护中后备保护按阶梯配合整定,必然使主干电网和发电厂后备保护动作时间太长、影响电网安全的问题。本文提出了一种适用于智能站的全站快速后备保护系统,描述了该快速后备保护系统的原理,建立了动作逻辑方程式。开发了快速后备逻辑单元NSR306装置、各保护装置的快速后备功能模块、所有硬件、软件和系统结构等,对其作仿真验证了其可行性。采用此方法,变电站内所有后备保护动作时间只需整为一个时差0.3s即可,从而缩短整个电网的后备保护动作时间,彻底解决了后备保护延时配合的问题。     

基于关联矩阵的输电线路广域后备保护研究

介绍了广域保护的背景和现实意义,通过获取电力系统中的多点信息来实现新的保护和控制算法.在此基础上借助广域保护的分布式系统结构,采用基于变电站智能电子设备(IED)保护动作系数和关联系数矩阵的输电线路广域后备保护算法,实现新的电网故障判别机制,并结合具体的电网验证了算法的合理性和有效性.     

基于多Agent技术的电流速断保护自适应研究

现代电力系统是一个复杂开放的分布式系统,多Agent系统（MAS）是分布式人工智能的新技术。将多Agent技术应用于自适应保护中去,建立基于MAS的自适应保护体系,通过各个Agent之间的协作,使得自适应保护能够自动智能地适应电力系统的各种变化。以自适应电流速断保护为实现目标,利用Agent设计原理,对各Agent进行各自功能的定义和它们之间通信机制的设计。为了验证其可行性,在一简单系统上对其进行仿真,结果表明,基于MAS的自适应电流速断保护,不仅可以扩大保护范围,还可以缩短后备保护的动作时间。     

Algorithmic-knowledge-based adaptive coordination in transmission protection

Changes in power system operating conditions can affect both the reach point of distance relays and the coordination of distance and overcurrent relays. To improve the performance of the protection system, an adaptive scheme of relay settings is proposed. That is possible since the protection relays became digital . This paper describes a system for online adaptive setting and coordination of protection relays in meshed networks where the backup protection is achieved in remote form. After changes in the state of the network, an expert system (ES) performs the detection and proposes the correction of erroneous settings of protection zones and miscoordinations between relays at different stations; through an algorithm based on a fast determination of a nonminimal set of "break-points" (BPs) relays , new time characteristics for the coordination are found. The results of the application of the developed system to a test network of 34 nodes, 55 branches, and 110 relays are shown.     

Time coordination method for power system protection byevolutionary algorithm

A typical industrial power network may consist of hundreds of pieces of equipment and even more protection relays to protect the system are required. Each protection relay in the power network needs to be coordinated with the relays protecting the adjacent equipment. The overall protection coordination is, thus, very complicated. A new concept of protection coordination by time is introduced in this paper to formulate all the system relays and system equipment operation into a set of optimization equations and constraints. Its purpose is to search for an optimal protection setting to minimize the system disturbance time as well as the time of interruption of the power supply. An evolutionary algorithm is applied as a constraint satisfaction optimization tool to search for the optimal relay setting. This method can find the best protection relay coordination, which cannot be achieved by traditional methods. This is the most significant achievement of the paper     

New coordination approach to minimize the number of re-adjusted relays when adding DGs in interconnected power systems with a minimum value of fault current limiter

The presence of DGs in power networks tends to negatively affect relays coordination. Adding fault current limiters FCLs is one of the possible solutions to mitigate negative impacts of DGs addition on protection systems. Traditional schemes have estimated the minimum value of FCL to restore relays coordination when adding DGs without resetting of any relays. That minimum value of FCL in such case is called a critical value, where below this value the relays coordination will be lost.Nowadays, designing FCL to simultaneously achieve two conflicted objectives of good performance and low cost is considered a great challenge. The paper introduces a new scheme to determine to what extent we could decrease FCL impedance value below its critical value with re-adjusting the original settings of only one adaptive relay to get relays coordination. Decreasing FCL value below its critical value will reduce the cost especially for superconductivity FCL. The proposed scheme can determine the location of that selected relay to be an adaptive one and estimate its re-adjusted new settings to be applied when DGs are added while inserting the reduced value of FCL.Actually the proposed scheme can be applied for any networks irrespective of the number of added DGs and their capacities; while having an adaptive relay is the only requirement to implement it.The proposed approach is implemented and effectively tested on the large well-known interconnected IEEE-39 bus test system with 84 relays. Its results are compared with other approaches where, no re-adjusted relays settings are applied. A noteworthy advantage of the proposed scheme is the ability to implement a reduced FCL value than the critical value, by adjusting only one relay settings in the whole network. The proposed scheme may also be extended to re-adjust settings of more than one relay and get further reduced value of FCL. Furthermore, it is also shown that a more optimum value of the total operating time of all primary relays for near end faults is achieved when applying the proposed method rather than other traditional schemes.     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.     

An on-line relay coordination algorithm for adaptive protectionusing linear programming technique

An adaptive system for protecting a distribution network should determine and implement relay settings that are most appropriate for the prevailing state of the power system. This paper presents a technique for determining coordinated relay settings. The technique uses the Simplex two-phase method; Phase I determines whether the constraints selected for illustrating the conditionality between primary and back up relays are feasible, and Phase II finds the optimal relay settings. A looped distribution system, protected by directional overcurrent relays, was used for testing the technique. The tests were conducted in a laboratory environment; some results from those tests are reported in the paper     

An investigation into the use of adaptive setting techniques forimproved distance back-up protection

Changes in power system operating conditions adversely affect the reach point accuracy of distance relays. This paper discusses adaptation of the settings of distance relays within an integrated digital hierarchical protection system for the optimisation of relay performance. Specific reference is made to adaptation of the zone 3 setting to ensure optimal relay performance over a wide variety of operating conditions. Results illustrating the performance of adaptive methods compared to conventional fixed setting are presented for an application study of the North Wales 400 kV transmission network, UK     

Multiagents-based wide area protection with best-effort adaptive strategy

Abstract—Multi-trips of circuit breakers often occur within a short period in a severe blackout, and the tripping usually relates to relays’ mal-operations. In fact, when two ore more electric primary devices are isolated by circuit breakers, the settings of most relays to protect their power system are getting infeasible and uncoordinated. Adaptive settings are needed to prevent them from wrong operation. This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme based on wide area information with best-effort protection strategy, and the outline of multiagents and WAN Based Adaptive Protection System (MAWAPS). In the scheme, the best-effort adaptive strategy is used to guarantee the adaptive settings to operate safely and effectively in most situations. The IP/SDH-based wide area network (WAN) is used to realize real-time wide area information exchange in the proposed protection scheme. Adaptive setting algorithms for the second stage zero-sequence current and phase overcurrent relays are proposed, which can provide larger line coverage than traditional relays. Moreover, multiagent techniques and IEC 61850 are employed to realize the fast communication between different agents, and MMS plays a prominent role in real-time remote communication. A simulating system has been developed according to the above ideas and approaches, and the experimental results show that the proposed adaptive protection scheme is feasible from the view of protective performance including the executing time.     

线路保护整定计算中的自动调整问题

对整定计算的自动调整问题进行了研究，提出了基于整定保护灵敏度约束条件、远后备保护灵敏度约束条件和远后备保护灵敏度传递约束条件的线路保护整定计算自动调整算法，由整定计算程序最大限度地代替工作人员自动实现保护定值的调整。算例表明，所提出的自动调整算法可以大大减轻整定计算人员的工作量，具有较好的实用价值。     

Implementation of Directional Over-current Relay Coordination Approaches in Electrical Networks

As the smart grid concept is employed in the electric power system, network load flow and topology changes intensively to meet the best generation-demand balancing point. These changes must account for protection devices to enhance their performance. The coordination of directional over-current relays is most commonly studied based on fixed network operation and topology within a mesh power system. But sub-transmission and distribution systems constantly operate differently to satisfy the variety of load demand levels throughout the day and year. Hence, if the setting of directional over-current relays changes according to the different operations of the system, then relay operation time and sensitivity can both be enhanced. This can potentially improve the protection performance in a smart grid system. Therefore, this study is carried out based on the comparison among three coordination approaches: conventional (fixed settings), discrete (groups of settings), and continuous or real time (dynamic settings).     

新型继电保护发展现状综述

介绍了近年来国内外继电保护与故障测距新原理、新技术的现状及发展。简单总结了计算机对电力系统继电保护发展的影响。介绍了对故障信息的进一步利用;小波变换、神经网络等数学方法在继电保护领域中的应用;自适应原理继电保护的发展。新型继电保护的发展趋势是高速化、智能化、一体化,尽量避免测量元件对继电保护装置的影响。对故障信息的研究和充分利用是发掘继电保护新原理的基础,计算机在继电保护中的应用为充分利用故障信息